V Protection Schemes2016
V Protection Schemes2016
V Protection Schemes2016
PROTECTIVE RELAYING
BASIC FUNCTION
Bus 2 Zone
Zone Line 1 Zone
Feeder protection
Radial system
Mesh Network
HV TXN Line protection
Transformer Protection
Alternator Protection
Motor Protection
Feeder protection
Protection of Distribution Network
And Feeders
Time graded
Discrimination
Current graded
Discrimination
CURRENT GRADED
DISCRIMINATION
Criteria for over current
protection of radial feeder
The relay at the far end is operated in the shortest time as it does
not have to give back up to any other relay. Upstream relays
(moving back to source side) are time graded with about 0.3 second
delays. Definite time relays can be used where source impedance is
large as compared to the line impedance i.e., small variation of
current for near and far end faults.
Inverse time (IDMT) relays can be used if lines are long and fault
level is much smaller at the far end fault than it is for source end
fault.
Very or extremely inverse time can be selected where the line
impedance is high as compared to source impedance or in case
where coordination with fusses or re-closure is necessary.
Feeder Protection by IDMT relay
Both current graded & time graded
discrimination can be implemented
A 400:5 6000
B 200:5 5000
C 200:5 4000
Start relay settings for the substation C farthest from the source
set Relay B for back up protection for Rc
Use CDT=0.5 seconds
Check operating time of RB for the plug setting done in the preceding
step for a fault at substation B.
Set PS and TMS of RA for backup of RB; using the CDT=0.5 seconds
Check RA operating time for a fault at sub station A
Fault location RA RB RC
PS=125% PS=125% PS=100%
TMs=37.9% TMs=29%% TMs=10%
C - 0.72s 0.22s
B 1.138s 0.638s -
A 0.985s - -
Use of Directional over current relay
Directional relay
For ac : induction cup
For DC current relay
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Restricted Earth
fault scheme
Unrestricted Earth
fault scheme
Use of residual current & core
balance C.T
TXN LINE PROTECTION
Problems with transmission
lines protection
System configuration changes continuously
More load added time to time
Outages of T.L and/or generating units are
frequent.
Due to complex meshed network and
interconnections, various loops exist in the
system. Hence selectivity can not be achieved
through simple over current relays
Reach of over current relay
Reach of over current
relay depends on:
type of fault
Generation level or source
impedance value
26
Distance relaying
Distance relying scheme is
independent of source impedance
variations
27
Impedance relay
31
Relay characteristics-RX
diagram
32
33
Effect of Power swings and arc resistance on the
performance of simple impedance relay
Effect of Arc resistance on
Relay operation
35
Effect of Load swing on Relay
operation
36
Reactance Relay
Current operated directional restraint relay
37
38
Performance during Normal Load and
effect of arc resistance
39
Directional Property
40
Use of directional features with
simple impedance relay
41
Mho Relay
It is directional relay with voltage Restraint
42
43
Effect of Arc resistance and
performance under Normal Load
44
Mho relay
45
46
3-zone distance protection
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Power line carrier
communication(PLCC)
For 80% first zone protection
setting, only 60% of the line
covers fast tripping zone of
both relay located at each end
of a double fed Tx. Line
Opening of circuit breakers
located on both ends is
necessary to maintain system
stability
Therefore, a communication
link is to be established
between these two relays to
ensure opening of both Circuit
breakers simultaneously
Possible communication
Channels
The information to be transmitted is only the
Circuit breaker position i.e., either closed or
Tripped. Therefore, no requirement of large
bandwidth sets carrier frequency just above
audible frequency range ( 50kHz to 200kHz)
Possible channels are
Telephone lines
Microwave
Satellite communication
Power line conductor itself
Unit Protection
Graded over current schemes drawbacks
Satisfactory grading can not always be
arranged for complex network
Setting may cause greater tripping times at
point in the system making protection
insufficient for excessive disturbance
Concept of unit protection
Where sections of the power system are
protected as a complete unit without
reference to other parts
Example : Differential protection
Pilot wires
Faulty condition
Requirements for differential scheme
Current magnitude seen by the relay on both sides should be equal
and in phase
No load transformer
Switching transients
(inrush current) may be
differentiated from fault current by
measuring harmonics contents. Relay
is blocked by harmonic restraint
C.T ratio error is prominent for
through faults because of CTs
saturation at different level. Percent
bias coil is to be used
Phase shift in YD
transformers is addressed by
proper connections of CTs on both
sides
Protection of YD
Transformer
Requirements:
C.Ts secondary line currents ( or current in
pilot wires) as seen by the relay should be
in phase
FEEDER #1
115:12.47 kV
HV SYSTEM
FEEDER #2
BREAKER ZONE RECLOSER ZONE
FEEDER #3
ANSI C37-2 Device Numbers
21 Distance Relay
25 Synchronizing Device
27 Undervoltage Relay
32 Directional Power Relay
49 Thermal Relay
50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51 AC Time Overcurrent Relay
52 AC Circuit Breaker
ANSI C37-2 Device Numbers
59 Overvoltage Relay
67 AC Directional Overcurrent
72 DC Circuit Breaker
76 DC Overcurrent Relay
79 AC Reclosing Relay
81 Frequency Relay
86 Lockout Relay
87 Differential Relay