Lab Activity 23

Cardiac Anatomy

Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia

PJM3106
 Cardiac Muscle Histology

Branching cells

Once central nucleus

Intercalated disc: contains
many gap junctions
connecting the adjacent cell
cytoplasm, creates a
functional syncytium 2
External View

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Position in Thorax
Base: Where
the Great
Vessels enter
and exit

Apex: points
inferiorly,
anteriorly and
to the left
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 Position of Heart
Hint: Nipples are at the
4th intercostal space

Apex at 5th
intercostal space
during ventricular
systole (contraction)
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Point of Maximum Impulse: PMI is the apex on surface anatomy
Heart Wall

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 Chambers: External View
Auricles

Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle Left Left
Ventricle Right
Ventricle
Ventricle

Anterior View Posterior View 7

 Heart
Chambers
• Papillary muscles
anchor the valves Right
in the ventricles Atrium Left
Atrium

Interventricular septum

Trabeculae
• Trabeculae carneae
carneae are the Right
“waffle like” Ventricle
muscular ridges
in the ventricles Left
Papillary muscles Ventricle
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Vessels
Pulmonary trunk
Right Pulmonary
Artery (branches)
Left
Superior Vena Cava Pulmonary
Artery

Coronary Sinus

Inferior Vena Cava

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 Vessels: Posterior View
Left
Pulmonary Superior Vena Cava
Artery

Right
Pulmonary
Artery
Right
Atrium

Coronary Sinus

Inferior Vena Cava

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Vessels Aortic Arch

Ascending Aorta
Left Pulmonary Vein
(Right not visible)

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Descending Aorta
 Vessels: Posterior View
Left Pulmonary Veins Aortic Arch

Left
Atrium

Right Pulmonary Veins

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 Valves
Right Side of Heart Left Side of Heart
• Tricuspid: Between • Mitral: Between

Right Atrium and Left Atrium and

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle
• Aortic Valve:
• Pulmonary: Between
Between Left
Right Ventricle and Ventricle and Aorta
Pulmonary Trunk

Chordae Tendineae are only on the Tricuspid and

Mitral Valves (valves between atrium and ventricle)13
 Valves

Pulmonary

Aortic (behind
the pulmonary
Tricuspid trunk)

Mitral
Chordae tendineae

Consist of 2-3 flaps of connective

tissue covered by endothelium 14
•When the ventricles are relaxed (diastole), the valves
between the atria and ventricles are Open: Mitral and
Tricuspid
•The valves leading out of the heart are
Closed: Pulmonary and Aortic valves 15
•When the ventricles are contracted (systole), the valves
between the atria and ventricles are Closed: Mitral and
Tricuspid
•The valves leading out of the heart are
Open: Pulmonary and Aortic valves 16
Fetal Circulation
Remnants
Fossa Ovalis

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Fetal Circulation Ligamentum
Remnants Arteriosum

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Conduction
System

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Impulse
Conduction
Step 1
SA node activity and
atrial activation begins
Time= 0

Step 2
Stimulus spreads
across the atrial
surfaces and reaches
the AV node
Time= 50 msec 20
 Impulse
Conduction

Step 3
There is a 100-msec
delay at the AV node.
Atrial contraction
begins
Time= 150 msec

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 Impulse
Conduction

Step 4
The impulse travels along the
interventricular septum within
the AV bundle and the bundle
branches to the Purkinje
fibers to the papillary muscles
of the right ventricle

Time= 175 msec

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 Impulse
Conduction

Step 5
The impulse is distributed by
Purkinje fibers and relayed
throughout the ventricular
myocardium. Atrial
contraction is completed, and
ventricular contraction begins

Time= 225 msec

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 Coronary Circulation: Anterior View

Left
Coronary
Artery
Right
Coronary
Artery Circumflex
Artery

Left Anterior
Descending

Great Cardiac Vein

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 Coronary Circulation: Posterior View
Circumflex Coronary Sinus
Artery

Marginal
Artery

Posterior
Cardiac Right
Vein Coronary
Artery

Marginal
Posterior Artery
Descending
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Artery Middle Cardiac Vein
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Terminology
• Systole: The contraction of the heart
muscle, especially the ventricle
• Diastole: The relaxation of the heart
muscle.
• Cardiac Cycle: A complete heartbeat
consisting of systole and diastole of both
atria plus systole and diastole of both
ventricles.

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Heart Sounds
• One heart beat is described as “lubb-dupp”
• S1 “lubb”: This is the closing of the AV
valves: Mitral and Tricuspid
• Marks the beginning of ventricular contraction
(beginning of systole)
• S2 “dupp”: This is the closing of the
Pulmonary and Aortic valves
• Occurs at the beginning of ventricular filling
(end of systole)
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Auscultation
• The sound of the valve closing radiates in
the direction the blood is flowing.
• The actual location of the valve is not the
best place to listen for it.

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30
The End

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