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    Physical Properties

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    jaime1234
    Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons have similar physical properties. They are generally colorless and odorless liquids or solids that are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Their boiling points and melting points increase with increasing molecular mass. Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points and melting points than alkanes of similar molecular mass due to their rigid cyclic structure. Alkynes have slightly higher boiling points than alkenes or alkanes due to their triple bond. Aromatic hydrocarbons are stable, nonpolar, and insoluble in water.

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    Physical Properties

    Uploaded by

    jaime1234
    129 views17 pages
    Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons have similar physical properties. They are generally colorless and odorless liquids or solids that are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Their boiling points and melting points increase with increasing molecular mass. Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points and melting points than alkanes of similar molecular mass due to their rigid cyclic structure. Alkynes have slightly higher boiling points than alkenes or alkanes due to their triple bond. Aromatic hydrocarbons are stable, nonpolar, and insoluble in water.

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    Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons have similar physical properties. They are generally colorless and odorless liquids or solids that are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Their boiling points and melting points increase with increasing molecular mass. Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points and melting points than alkanes of similar molecular mass due to their rigid cyclic structure. Alkynes have slightly higher boiling points than alkenes or alkanes due to their triple bond. Aromatic hydrocarbons are stable, nonpolar, and insoluble in water.

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    129 views17 pages

    Physical Properties

    Uploaded by

    jaime1234
    Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons have similar physical properties. They are generally colorless and odorless liquids or solids that are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Their boiling points and melting points increase with increasing molecular mass. Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points and melting points than alkanes of similar molecular mass due to their rigid cyclic structure. Alkynes have slightly higher boiling points than alkenes or alkanes due to their triple bond. Aromatic hydrocarbons are stable, nonpolar, and insoluble in water.

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    of 17

    Physical

    Properties
    of Alkanes
    Alkanes

    not very reactive


    -

    -have little biological


    activity
    -colorless and
    odorless.
    Boiling Point
    The boiling points shown are for the "straight chain"
    isomersof which thereis more than one.
    Solubility

    Alkanes are virtually insoluble in


    water, but dissolve in organic
    solvents. However, liquid alkanes are
    good solvents for many other non-
    ionic organic compounds.
    Physical
    Properties
    of Cycloalkanes
    Cycloalkanes
    The physical properties of cycloalkanes are
    similar to those of alkanes, but they have
    higher boiling points, melting points and
    higher densities
    non polar and do not have intermolecular
    hydrogen bonding
    they are usually hydrophobic (meaning they
    do notdissolve in water) and are less dense
    than water
    Cycloalkanes are used in motor fuel, natural
    gas, petroleum gas, kerosene, diesel, and
    many other heavy oils.
    Tab.1Physical properties of selected
    cycloalkanes

    Alkyl
    Formula Name Mp [ C ] Bp [ C ]
    fragment
    C3H6 Cyclopropane 127.6 -32.7 Cyclopropyl-
    C4H8 Cyclobutane -50.0 -12.5 Cyclobutyl-
    C5H10 Cyclopentane -93.9 49.3 Cyclopentyl-
    C6H12 Cyclohexane 6.6 80.7 Cyclohexyl-
    C7H14 Cycloheptane -12.0 118.5 Cycloheptyl-
    C8H16 Cyclooctane 14.3 150.0 Cyclooctyl-
    Physical
    Properties
    of Alkenes
    Alkenes
    At room temperatue, alkenes exist in
    all three phases, solid, liquids, and
    gases
    Melting and boiling points of alkenes
    are similar to that of alkanes,
    however, isomers of cis alkenes have
    lower melting points than that of
    trans isomers
    Physical state
    Ethene, Propene, and Butene exists as
    colorless gases. Members of the 5 or more
    carbons such as Pentene, Hexene, and
    Heptene are liquid, and members of the 15
    carbons or more are solids.
    Density
    Alkenes are lighter than water and are
    insoluble in water due to their non-polar
    characteristics. Alkenes are only soluble in
    nonpolar solvents.
    Solubility
    Alkenes are virtually insoluble in water, but
    dissolve in organic solvents. The reasons for
    this are exactly the same as for the alkanes .
    Boiling Points
    Boiling points of alkenes depends on more
    molecular mass (chain length) . The more
    intermolecular mass is added, the higher the
    boiling point.
    Compound Boiling
    points (oC)
    Ethene
    -104
    Propene
    -47
    Trans-2-Butene 0.9
    Cis-2-butene 3.7
    Trans 1,2-dichlorobutene 155
    Cis 1,2-dichlorobutene 152
    1-Pentene 30
    Trans-2-Pentene
    36
    Cis-2-Pentene 37
    1-Heptene 115
    3-Octene
    122
    Melting Points
    Alkenes have similar melting points to that of alkanes, owever, in cis
    isomers molecules are package in a U-bending shape, therefore, will
    display a lower melting points to that of the trans isomers

    Compound Melting Points (0C)


    Ethene -169
    Propene -185
    Butene -138
    1-Pentene -165
    Trans-2-Pentene -135
    Cis-2-Pentene -180
    1-Heptene -119
    3-Octene -101.9
    3-Nonene -81.4
    5-Decene -66.3
    Physical
    Properties
    of Alkynes
    Alkynes
    Physical Properties include nonpolar
    due to slight solubility in polar
    solvents and insoluble in water. This
    solubility in water and polar solvents
    is a characteristic feature to alkenes
    as well.
    Alkynes dissolve in organic solvents.
    Boiling Points
    Compared to alkanes and alkenes, alkynes have a
    slightly higher boiling point. Ethane has a boiling
    point of -88.6 ?C, while Ethene is -103.7 ?C and
    Ethyne has a higher boiling point of -84.0 ?C.
    Acidity
    The acidity of terminal alkynes compared to
    alkenes and alkanes are stronger. Compared
    with Ethane which has a pKa of 62 (least acidic)
    and Ethene of a pKa of 45, Ethyne has a pKa of
    26. With alkynes having the sp hybridization, this
    makes it the most acidic hydrocarbon. Therefore
    terminal alkynes must be deprotonated by
    stronger bases. The importance of the s orbital
    being attracted to the nucleus contributes to the
    electronegativity
    Physical
    Properties
    of Aromatic
    Hydrocarbons

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