The document discusses the principles of steam generation, describing steam as a vapor exhibiting gas-like properties when heat is applied and the process of converting water to steam. It covers properties of steam like enthalpy and entropy, saturation temperature, sensible and latent heat, critical points, types of boiling, and boiling curves. Key concepts around steam generation, properties, and cycles are summarized.
The document discusses the principles of steam generation, describing steam as a vapor exhibiting gas-like properties when heat is applied and the process of converting water to steam. It covers properties of steam like enthalpy and entropy, saturation temperature, sensible and latent heat, critical points, types of boiling, and boiling curves. Key concepts around steam generation, properties, and cycles are summarized.
The document discusses the principles of steam generation, describing steam as a vapor exhibiting gas-like properties when heat is applied and the process of converting water to steam. It covers properties of steam like enthalpy and entropy, saturation temperature, sensible and latent heat, critical points, types of boiling, and boiling curves. Key concepts around steam generation, properties, and cycles are summarized.
The document discusses the principles of steam generation, describing steam as a vapor exhibiting gas-like properties when heat is applied and the process of converting water to steam. It covers properties of steam like enthalpy and entropy, saturation temperature, sensible and latent heat, critical points, types of boiling, and boiling curves. Key concepts around steam generation, properties, and cycles are summarized.
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PRICIPLES OF STEAM GENERATION
STEAM
Steam , A vapor exhibiting the properties of a
gas by application of heat . Steam generation is a process of converting water into steam. Non toxic , Non corrosive , not excessively viscous ,chemically stable, Low in cost PROPERTIES OF STEAM Enthalpy : a general measure of the internal stored energy per mass unit of a flowing stream Entropy :is a measure of the thermodynamic potential of a flowing stream in the units of energy per mass unit and absolute temperature. Specific Volume a measure of the volume of a flowing stream per mass unit SATURATION TEMPERATURE
means boiling point. The saturation
temperature is the temperaturefor a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. SENSIBLE HEAT
Heat required to bring the water form 0 degree
to the boiling point . Depends on pressure , higher the pressure higher will be the sensible Heat . LATENT HEAT
Latent heat is the energy released or absorbed
by a body or a thermodynamic system during a constant-temperature process. example is a change of state of matter, meaning a phase transition such as the melting of ice or the boiling of water. CRITICAL POINT
Critical temp & pressure
374 deg & 224.6 kg /cm2 . Density of water & steam remains the same With increasing pressure sensible heat increases & latent decreases. BOILING
Nucleate boiling :Process of individual Bubble
formation. Film Boiling BOILING CURVE DNB
Departure from Nucleate boiling .
Rifle Bore Tubes . IS STEAM AN IDEAL FLUID FLAWS IN STEAM
Higher temperature is desired for Higher
efficiency ,higher pressure is only forced due to weak chcracteristics of steam. Lower temperature of heat rejection is of real interest ,necessity for vacuum is a weak point. ANALYSIS OF STEAM CYCLES Latent Heat Addition in Evaporator (constt. Pressure) Super Heating
T Sensible heat Addition in
E Economizer M P Adiabatic Expansion in E Turbine R L+V A Pump Work T U R Constant Pressure Heat E Rejection in Condenser
ENTROPY
BASIC RANKINE CYCLE (SUB-CRITICAL)
EFFECT OF INCREASING THE INLET PRESSURE
Increasing the inlet pressure
raises the mean temperature at which heat is added in the boiler thereby increasing the efficiency.
Side Effects: Increases moisture content at the final stages of the turbine that decreases the turbine efficiency and erodes turbine blades. EFFECT OF SUPERHEAT
Superheating the steam to higher
temperature without increasing the boiler pressure increases thermal efficiency. It also decreases the moisture content of the steam at the turbine exit.
LIMITATION: Highest temperature of superheated steam is limited by the metallurgical constraint. EFFECTS OF LOWERING THE CONDENSER PRESSURE
Lowering condenser pressure lowers the
temperature at which condensation takes place thereby increasing the cycle efficiency.
LIMITATION AND SIDE EFFECTS :
Lower limit is the saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of cooling media. Creates possibility of Air Leakage into the condenser Increases moisture content of the steam at the final stages of turbine that decreases the turbine efficiency and causes erosion in turbine blades. EFFICIENCY OF RANKINE CYCLE
steam from hp turbine to 540 deg Increase turbine work Decrease moisture content in the last stages of the turbine.
22 Basic boiler
Steam
Water Steam / water system
Blow down
Mixing of fuel Furnace Heat transfer
Surface and air Flue gas
AIR
Ash FUEL PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODEL
Hot Flue Thermal Structure Steam
Gas SH
Convection & Convection HT
Radiation HT
Drop in Enthalpy Rise in Enthalpy of
of Flue Gas Steam Mechanism of Heat Transfer
Source/Supply Thermal Structure Sink /Demand
STEAM GENERATOR COMPONENTS FURNACE DRUM BOILER CIRCULATING PUMPS CONVECTION PASS SUPERHEATER REHEATER ECONOMISER AIR HEATER STEAM COILED AIR PREHEATER SOOT BLOWERS COAL FEEDERS PULVERIZERS COAL PIPING BURNERS IGNITOR AND WARM UP BURNERS DUCTWORK AND INSULATION AND LAGGING BOILER LAYOUT AND PA FAN Reheater S
Platen SHTR Drum C R DPNL E E SHTR n
Gooseneck LTSH Chimney Downcomer
waterwall Fireball Economiser
ID fan
ESP APH
Bottom Ash BOILER FUNDAMENTALS
-BOILER=CONTROLLED COMB.+HEAT TRANSFER
-CHEMICAL =THERMAL
-COMBUSTION-FUEL,TEMP,O2
-FUEL - BITUMINOUS COAL
BOILER FUNDAMENTALS
Combustion in furnace :- Pulverized fuel by coal burners Ignition temp. By oil firing O2 by means of fans.
TIME,TEMP., INTER MIXING OF AIR WITH FUEL(TTT), COAL FINENESS, I. Excess Air:- - (20%)-bituminous coal -(15%)-lignite A. Lower excess air:- -High unburnt loss B. Higher excess air:- -Higher heat loss (ma*cpa*dt)
