IC Engine - Lecture 1
IC Engine - Lecture 1
IC Engine - Lecture 1
1. Thermodynamic cycle
Otto cycle (constant volume heat supplied)
Diesel cycle (constant pressure heat supplied)
Dual cycle
Joule or Brayton cycle
2. Working cycle
Four-stroke cycle - naturally aspirated, supercharged, and
turbocharged
Two-stroke cycle - crankcase scavanged, supercharged, and
turbocharged
IC engine classifications
3. Fuel
Liquid fuel engines use kerosene, petrol, diesel, etc.
Gas engines use CNG, LPG, hydrogen, etc.
Bi-fuel engines use both gas and liquid fuels. Gas as a basic
fuel and liquid fuel is for starting the engine.
6. Method of cooling
Water-cooled engines
Air-cooled engines
7. Engine speed
Low speed engines
Medium speed engines
High speed engines
IC engine classifications
8. Field of application
Stationary engines for power generation
Marine engines for propulsion of ships
Automobile engines
Aero-engines for aircrafts
Locomotive engines for railways
9. Lubrication system
Wet sump lubrication
Dry sump lubrication
Pressure lubrication
IC engine classifications
10. Method of control under variable load
Quantity control engines - carburetor system
Quality control engines - fuel injector system
Combine control engines
1. In-line engine
IC engine classifications
Classifications based on cylinder arrangement
2. V-engine
IC engine classifications
3. Opposed cylinder engine
IC engine classifications
3. Opposed piston engine
IC engine classifications
5. Radial engine
IC engine classifications
6. X-type engine
IC engine classifications
7. H-type engine - comprises of two opposed cylinder,
utilizing two separate but interconnected crankshafts.
Basic components of IC engine
Basic components of IC engine
Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases escape the combustion chamber.
(Diameter is smaller then Intake valve)
Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the combustion chamber.
(Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)
Basic components of IC engine
Piston
Cylinder head
Reduces vibration
Stroke: It is the distance travelled by the Piston from one of its dead centre
position to the other dead centre position.
Top Dead Centre (TDC): In vertical engines, the top most position of the
Piston towards the cover end side of the cylinder is known as Top Dead
Centre.
IC engine terminology
Bottom Dead Centre (BDC): In Vertical Engines, the lower position of
the Piston towards the Crank end side of the cylinder is known as
Bottom Dead Centre.
FUEL
INTAKE
2-stroke IC engine
COMPRESSION
2-stroke IC engine
COMBUSTION & EXHAUST
TWO STROKE
OPERATION
2-stroke IC engine
Advantages
Simple construction and easy to design as number of components
are few.
Less expensive.
Light in weight.
High power-to-weight ratio.
Uniform power production.
Disadvantages
Less fuel efficient as combustion and exhaust processes are
overlapping.
More pollutant.
Lower thermal and volumetric efficiency.
Lubricant requirement is more.
4-stroke IC engine
In 4-stroke engines, all four processes are completed two
revolutions of the crankshaft. All the processes take place one by
one.
4-stroke IC engine
Advantages
Fuel efficiency is high.
Less pollutant emission.
High thermal and volumetric efficiency.
Lubricant requirement is less.
Disadvantages
Complex construction and design, hence more expensive.
Small power-to-weight ratio.
Non-uniform power production.
Comparison of SI and CI engines
SI engine CI engine
It works on Otto cycle. It works on diesel or dual cycle.
Fuel should have higher self-ignition Fuel should have comparatively lower
temperature, e.g. petrol self-ignition temperature, e.g. diesel.
During suction, air-fuel mixture enters During suction, only air enters into the
into the combustion chamber. combustion chamber.
Carburetor is required to form air-fuel Fuel pump and injector are required for
mixture. diesel injection.
Throttle controls the quantity of air fuel Quantity of fuel is regulated in pump, air
mixture quantity is not controlled.
Spark is required for combustion. Combustion happens on its own.
Operating compression ratio is 6 - 10.5. Operating compression ratio is 14 - 22.
Due to light weight and homogeneous Due to heavy weight and heterogeneous
combustion high speed engines combustion low speed engines
Less expensive. More expensive
Fuel cost is more. Fuel cost is less.
Low thermal efficiency low comp. rat. High thermal efficiency low comp. rat.
IC engine performance parameters
Fuel power: the rate of energy liberated during the combustion
process may be termed fuel power.
.
Fuel power = m f CV (kW )
ip
i .
m f CV
IC engine performance parameters
Brake thermal efficiency (b)
bp
b .
m f CV
Specific power
Air/fuel ratio
Air-standard cycles
The accurate analysis of IC engine is very complicated. Hence,
it is advantageous to analyze the performance of an idealized
closed cycle that closely approximates the real cycle.
1. Carnot cycle
2. Stirling cycle
3. Ericsson cycle
4. Otto cycle
5. Diesel cycle
6. Dual cycle
7. Atkinson cycle
Carnot cycle