6 Design of Welded Connection

WELDED CONNECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
Welding is a process of connecting pieces of metal by
application of heat (fusion) with or without pressure.
A metallic bond is established between the two pieces.
This bond has the same mechanical properties as the
parent metal.
The most important methods used for the process of
fusion are the gas welding and electric arc welding.
The metal at the joint is melted by the heat generated
from either an electric arc or a gas flame and fuses
with metal from welding rod.
There are numerous welding processes, but the one
most commonly used in Civil Engineering Structures is
electric-arc welding.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WELDING
The following are advantages of welded structures

when compared with bolted structures :
Welded joints are more economical: in welded joint
elements such filler plates, gusset plates, connecting
angles, etc. are eliminated; and members are of
smaller size, comparing to those which used in bolted
connections.
Welded structures are lighter, because of the general
absence of bolts, gusset plates and other joining
features.
The fabrication of a complicated structure is easier
by welded connection, for example, in case of
circular steel pipe.
The welding provides very rigid joints.
The following are disadvantages of welded joints,
comparing to the bolting joint:
No provision for expansion and contraction is kept;
therefore there is possibility of cracks developing
in such structures.
The inspection of welding work is more difficult
and costlier than the bolting work.
The welding work requires a skilled person while
semi-skilled person can do the bolting work.
There is a greater possibility of brittle fracture in
welding than in bolting.
TYPES OF WELDS AND WELDING JOINTS
They are two main types of welds namely:

fillet-weld and butt-weld.
Figure . Main types of welds

BUTT WELD
Butt weld or groove weld is used when the
plates to be jointed are in the same plane.
Figure . Different types of butt welds

Figure.Typical connections with butt weld
BUTT WELD SPECIFICATIONS
A butt weld is specified by the size of the weld, which is
defined by the effective throat thickness.
The effective thickness of the weld, called throat thickness
is less than the thickness T of the plates jointed. It is taken as
T. In the single V-butt joint ,the throat thickness is taken as
T.
In double V-butt joint, the weld is fully effective and hence
the throat thickness is taken equal to T.
As a rule, in single U, single V and single J butt welds,
where welding is done from one side, full penetration is
not possible and hence effective throat thickness is taken
equal to T.
In double-V, double U and double J butt welds, full
penetration is possible and the effective thickness of throat
is taken equal to the thickness of plates jointed.
FILLET WELD
When the members to be to be connected overlap each
other, or T-joint, fillet welds are used.
For the general case right angle welds (90 between
faces), the throat thickness is taken as 0.7 (sin 45) of the
size or leg length (see Fig. 9.23).
The throat thickness is used to determine the strength of
the weld because a weld generally fails along a line
bisecting the angle of the joint.
The throat thickness does not extend to the convex surface

of the weld, which is called the reinforcement, because it
contains the slag of minerals other than iron that form on
the surface of the molten weld metal, and are of uncertain
strength.
The most commonly used sizes of fillet welds are between

6 mm and 22 mm, the larger size being used at heavily
loaded connections.
Size of weld: the sides containing the right angle of the fillet are
called legs. The size of the weld is specified by minimum leg length.
The length of the leg is the distance from the root of the weld to the
toe of the weld, measured along the fusion face.
Throat thickness: The theoretical throat is the perpendicular
distance between the root of the weld, and the hypotenuse joining
the two ends of the legs.
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6 Design of Welded Connection

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WELDED CONNECTIONS

The following are advantages of welded structures

They are two main types of welds namely:

Figure . Main types of welds

Figure . Different types of butt welds

The throat thickness does not extend to the convex surface

The most commonly used sizes of fillet welds are between

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