Construction Hazards and Standards
Construction Hazards and Standards
Construction Hazards and Standards
2 ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Organization
A. General
B. General Interpretations
C. General Safety and Health Provisions
D. Occupational Health and Environmental
Controls
E. Personal Protective and Life Saving
Equipment
F. Fire Protection and Prevention
G. Signs, Signals, and Barricades
H. Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and
Disposal
3
I. Tools – Hand and Power ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Organization
4 ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Organization
5 ©2006 TEEX
Hazards and Standards
Excavating is
recognized as one of
the most hazardous
construction operations
Fatality rate for
excavations is twice
that of construction as a
whole
Cave-ins: More likely to
result in fatalities than
other excavation
hazards
8 ©2006 TEEX
Hazards of Excavation Work
Cave-ins
Underground utilities
Materials/equipment falling into
excavation sites
Asphyxiation
Explosion
Falls
Drowning
9 ©2006 TEEX
Soil Mechanics
10 ©2006 TEEX
Types of excavation collapse
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Heaving or Boiling
12 ©2006 TEEX
Definitions
15 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(c) Access & Egress
16 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(c) Access & Egress
Stairway, ladder, ramp, other safe
egress within 25 feet of employees in
trenches >4 feet deep
Ladder requirements apply, including
extending 3 feet above top surface
4' or greater
Every 25'
17 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651 Specific Excavation
Requirements
d. In traffic areas, reflective
vests required
e. No workers underneath
loads handled by lifting or
digging equipment.
f. Barricades, stop logs or
hand signals for mobile
equipment operating near
excavations
18 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(g) Hazardous
atmospheres
In excavations 4 feet or more where
hazardous atmospheres are likely to
exist must test atmosphere before
entering and retest as necessary
Unsafe below 19.5% oxygen
Stay below 20% of lower flammable limits
Ventilation or PPE must be used as
required
Rescue equipment available
19 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(h) Water Accumulation
Precautions required
before working for water
in excavations
Competent Person must
monitor control measures
If diverting surface water,
must take steps to
prevent water from
entering trench
20 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(i) Stability of adjacent
structures
Structures adjacent to excavations must
be supported if stability is affected
No excavation below adjacent footings
unless underpinned, or stable rock, or
approved by PE
No undermining pavements unless
supported
21 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651 Specific Excavation
Requirements
j. Protect employees from falling rock,
soil, or materials/equipment falling into
excavations.
Keep materials 2 feet from edge
Retaining devices/barricades
k. Inspections by competent person,
daily and as needed during shift
l. Walkways to cross excavations
22 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652 Requirements for
protective systems
Protection of employees in
excavations
Design of sloping and
benching systems
Design of support
systems, shield systems,
and other protective
systems
Materials and equipment
Installation and removal
23 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(a) Protection of
employees in excavations
Use adequate protective system, except
Excavations entirely in stable rock
<5 feet and competent person sees no
potential for cave-in
Capacity for all reasonably
expected loads
24 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(b) and (c) Design of
sloping and benching systems
Four choices for sloping:
Slope for type ‘C’, no steeper than 34°
Use sloping choices from Appendices A, B
Tabulated data determined by a PE
Designed by a PE
For support systems, shield systems, other:
Design using Appendices A, C, D
Manufacturer’s tabulated data
Other tabulated data determined by a PE
Designed by a PE
25 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(d) Materials and
equipment
Materials for protective systems free
from damage & defects
Used according to manufacturer’s
specifications
If damaged,
competent person
must determine
suitability for
continued use
26 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(e) Installation and
removal of support
Support system members securely
connected together
Installed & removed to assure employee
safety
Keep within design
capacity
Remove from bottom
first, and backfill as
you remove
27 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(f) Sloping and
benching systems
No working on sloped or benched faces
unless employees below are protected
28 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(g) Shield systems
Shielding
1926 Subpart P Appendix A -
Soil Classification
A method of categorizing soil and rock
deposits in a hierarchy:
Stable Rock
Type A – cohesive soil >1.5 tsf – with
exceptions
Type B – cohesive soil >.5-1.5 tsf or
granular, disturbed, vibrated, fissured,
layered
Type C – cohesive soil <.5 tsf or granular,
submerged, layered…
31 ©2006 TEEX
32 ©2006 TEEX
Soils - Types & Particle Size
Gravel
larger than 2 millimeters .
Sand
Between 0.075 and 2 millimeters
Silt
Between 0.002 and 0.075 millimeters
Clay
Smaller than 0.002 millimeters
33 ©2006 TEEX
Additional soil classification
34 ©2006 TEEX
35 ©2006 TEEX
1926 Subpart P Appendix A -
Soil Classification
Each soil and rock deposit shall be
classified by a competent person
Classification made based on at least
one visual and one manual analysis
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Visual tests: Particle size
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Visual tests
Clumping
Cracks or spalling
Existing utilities/previously disturbed soil
Layers and slope
Water in surface, seeping, water table
Vibration sources
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Manual tests
Plasticity
Dry strength
Thumb penetration
Pocket penetrometer or shearvane
Drying test
39 ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Subpart O
1926.600 - Equipment.
1926.601 - Motor vehicles.
1926.602 - Material handling equipment.
1926.603 - Pile driving equipment.
1926.604 - Site clearing.
1926.605 - Marine operations and equipment.
1926.606 - Definitions applicable to this
subpart.
41 ©2006 TEEX
1926.600(a) Equipment - General
Requirements
Lights/reflectors on unattended equipment
next to highway
Protection for tire changes on split rims
Elevated equipment: protect from falling
Parking brake, plus chocks for inclines
Batteries: by Subpart K
Cab glass: safety glass with no visible
distortion
Movement around power lines or transmitters
Stops for railroad cars on spurs
42 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601 – Motor Vehicles
a. Coverage.
Motor vehicles that operate within an off-
highway jobsite, not open to public traffic
Not for material handling equipment
covered under 1926.602.
43 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General
requirements
Brake system in operable condition:
Service brake system
Emergency brake system
Parking brake system
2 headlights & 2 taillights if needed,
depending on visibility
Brake lights regardless of visibility
44 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General
requirements
Audible warning device (horn)
Obstructed rear view: must have
Reverse signal alarm audible above
surrounding noise level or
Backed up only when observer signals that
it is safe
Windshields & powered wipers on cabs
Fix cracked glass
Defogger/defroster where necessary
45 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General
requirements
Haulage vehicles: cab shield and/or
canopy adequate to protect the operator
from shifting or falling materials
Secure tools and material from
movement in compartments with
employees
Seats firmly secured and adequate for
employees being carried
46 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General
requirements
Seat belts and anchorages meeting 49
CFR Part 571
Dump bodies supported, locked into
position for maintenance or inspection
Latch on hoisting/dumping devices to
prevent accidental operation
Trip handle of dump truck tailgate:
operator must be clear when dumping
47 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General
requirements
Rubber-tired equipment must have
fenders or mud flaps
Vehicles checked at beginning of shift:
All brake systems Controls
Tires Safety devices
Horn Lights/reflectors
Steering Wipers/defrosters
Coupling Fire extinguishers
Seat belt
48 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602 – Material Handling
Equipment
Application:
Scrapers, loaders, crawler or wheel
tractors, bulldozers, off-highway trucks,
graders, agricultural and industrial tractors,
and similar equipment
Compactors and rubber-tired "skid-steer"
equipment: reserved
49 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(a)(2) Seat belts
50 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(a) Earthmoving
equipment; General
Access roadways and grades
Must be constructed and maintained for
safe movement of equipment involved
Emergency access ramps or berms to
restrain and control runaway vehicles
Service braking system
Capable of stopping and holding fully
loaded equipment
SAE standards apply
51 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(a) Earthmoving
equipment; General
Fenders on pneumatic-tired earth-
moving equipment >15 mph
Suspended pending reevaluation
ROPS and overhead protection:
Subpart W
Horns for bidirectional machines
Reverse signal alarm
Guard all scissor points
52 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(b) Excavating and
other equipment
Seatbelts for tractor operation
Power Crane and Shovel Associations
Standards No. 1 and No. 2 of 1968, and
No. 3 of 1969 adopted
53 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(c) Lifting and hauling
equipment
Other than that covered by Subpart N
1926.600 and:
Ratings clearly visible and not exceeded
No modifications or additions without
manufacturer’s written approval
Multiple trucks together: proportion of load
must not exceed capacity
Steering knobs not attached unless
spinning prevented
54 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(c) Lifting and hauling
equipment
Overhead guards for high lift rider
industrial trucks
ANSI B56.1-1969
Riding on industrial trucks:
No unauthorized personnel
Safe place to ride
55 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(c)(1)(viii) Lifting
Personnel
Only where designed for that purpose
by manufacturer! (interpretation)
Safety platform secured to lifting
carriage or forks
Riding personnel must be able to shut
off power to truck
Falling object protection
56 ©2006 TEEX
Powered industrial truck
training
Identical to 1910.178
57 ©2006 TEEX
1926.603 Pile driving equipment
General requirements
Barges or floats: 1926.605
Pile driving equipment
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1926.604 Site clearing
60 ©2006 TEEX
1926 Subpart W: Rollover
Protective Structures (ROPS)
This construction equipment must have
ROPS meeting minimum performance
standards:
Rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers
Rubber-tired front-end loaders
Rubber-tired dozers
Wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors
Crawler tractors
Crawler-type loaders
Motor graders, with or without attachments
NOT sideboom pipe laying tractors
61 ©2006 TEEX
Rollover Protective Structures
62 ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Subpart L
Scaffolds
Application of Scaffold
Regulations
What is a scaffold?
What is covered by 29 CFR 1926
Subpart L?
Where are scaffolds used in oil and
gas?
64 ©2006 TEEX