S3 Cantilever Roof Design Presentation

S3 : Stadium Roof Design
– Cantilever Roof Design

Experiment
Cantilever Roof Design
Liberty Stadium
Location : Swansea
Home to : Swansea
City football and
Ospreys Rugby www.liberty-stadium.com/
Team
Capacity : 20,000
Built in : 2005
Twickenham during
the construction of the
South Stand. forum.skyscraperpage.com
P29
Cantilever Roof Design
Shanghai Sports Centre Stadium
Location : China
Home to : All sports, but football mainly
Capacity : 80,000
Built in : 1997
It’s unique curving roof is
the world’s longest
cantilevered roof truss
structure with fabric canopy, eap.ucop.edu
spanning 300metres.
P30
Cut out and calculate y
Roof
Depth of
Mast
Counter Counter
Weight, y Weight
Cut Away
Fold to make
a stand
Cut
Cut Away
Clockwise Roof Moment

= Area x mass per cm² x gravity x lever arm
Anticlockwise Counter Weight Moment
= Width x y x mass per cm² x gravity x lever arm
Equating the two expressions finds a value for y for the roof to balance
P31
Design roof and balance
The roof balances when the
counter weight is reduced to
depth y as the moments about
the mast (the pivot) are equal.
Cut out a design for the cantilever

roof which will hang above
spectators.
The clockwise roof moment will

be reduced, the anticlockwise
counter weight moment also
needs to be reduced.
Progressively reduce it’s depth,
checking regularly if it balances.
P32
Centre of gravity of roof
Trace the shape onto the piece of
card that was removed earlier.
How can you find it’s centre of
gravity?
Punch a hole and hang the roof off

a drawing pin. Ensuring that the
roof can swing freely, allow it to
settle and draw a vertical line from
the pin downwards.
This line will go through the centre of gravity.
If repeated the point where the lines cross will be the

centre of gravity.
P33
Calculate area of new roof
Again in order to balance the
clockwise and anticlockwise moments b
about the mast must equal. So we can
calculate a value for the area of the
roof, A.
From measuring,
D = 4.1cm
b = 5.7 cm
Clockwise roof moment D
= 0.08 x 9.81 x A x (5.7 + 1) = 5.26A Ncm
Anticlockwise moment =
0.08 x 9.81 x 4.1 x 7 x 4.5 = 101 Ncm
Equating the two gives A = 101/5.26 = 19.3cm²
P34
Check area
Another way to calculate area is to trace the shape

onto square paper and count the squares.
This methods gives A = 20cm²
What is the percentage difference?
Difference = (20 – 19.3) / 19.3 = 3.6 %
Does this confirm the earlier calculation?
P35
More concentrated
counter-weight
The area of the counter weight can be
reduced if a more concentrated mass is
used, such as coins. This will improve the
appearance of the roof structure.
The clockwise moment from the roof

= 5.26 x A = 5.26 x 19.3 = 101.5 Ncm
Anti-clockwise moment from card counter weight
= 0.08 x 9.8 x 3 x 3 x (1.5 + 1) = 17.6 Ncm
The centre of gravity of any coin will be in the middle. If the coins, with
mass M, are placed in the middle of a 3cm x 3cm then;
Anti-clockwise moment from coins
= M x 9.8 x (1.5 + 1) = 24.5M
Equating the clockwise and anticlockwise moments gives
M = (101.5 – 17.6) / 24.5 = 3.42 grams
P36
Achieving balance
A 1 pence piece weighs 3.56 grams so is
the closest to the required weight of
3.42grams.
Initially when it is selotaped in placed
the structure does not balance as the
weight is too big
How can this be rectified?
The anticlockwise moment is too big so

needs to be decreased.
Moving the penny closer to the mast will
decreased it’s lever arm and it’s
moment, allowing it to balance.
P37
Like a Tower crane
The system of a overhanging cantilever
with a counter balancing weight is
exactly the same as how a crane works.
The long arm carries the lifting gear
whilst the short arm carries the
counterweight.
How will the mass of the counter weight
be decided?
The maximum load on the crane will

come when the lifting gear is at the
very end of the arm. The lever arm for
the moment is the greatest here.
This counterweight is often made up of
very heavy concrete blocks as it must
be able to balance this maximum
moment.
P38
Tying the roof down
A stadium roof very rarely looks like
a crane, so where does the counter
weight go?
By altering the vertical height of the
weight, the balancing effect is not
compromised, so we can lower the
weight until it is out of sight,
underground.
1. Punch a hole through the middle of where the coin was
located to get the structure to balance.
2. Stick the coins to a piece of string and “tie – down” the roof
by tying the string through the hole.
The cantilever roof now hangs as if unsupported
creating a dramatic looking stadium roof.
P39

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S3 : Stadium Roof Design

– Cantilever Roof Design

Clockwise Roof Moment

Cut out a design for the cantilever

The clockwise roof moment will

Punch a hole and hang the roof off

This line will go through the centre of gravity.

If repeated the point where the lines cross will be the

Another way to calculate area is to trace the shape

The clockwise moment from the roof

How can this be rectified?

The anticlockwise moment is too big so

The maximum load on the crane will

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