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Blood

The document discusses the components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It describes the functions of red blood cells in carrying oxygen, the different types of white blood cells and their roles, and the role of platelets in clotting. It also reviews blood typing by the ABO and Rh systems and hemopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are formed in the bone marrow from stem cells.

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Jennifer Dixon
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
231 views

Blood

The document discusses the components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It describes the functions of red blood cells in carrying oxygen, the different types of white blood cells and their roles, and the role of platelets in clotting. It also reviews blood typing by the ABO and Rh systems and hemopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are formed in the bone marrow from stem cells.

Uploaded by

Jennifer Dixon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch 20: The Blood

Discuss the composition of blood including the


functions of the various components
Explain the anatomy and functions of the red blood cells,
including a description of blood typing
Discuss the types of white blood cells found in the blood
and give the functions of each
Give a brief accounting of the platelets
Review hemopoiesis, including RBC and
leukocyte formation
Functions of Blood

 Distribution - nutrients, wastes,


hormones, gases, etc.

 Self-sealing – hemostasis

 Disease/ infection fighting


Blood = connective tissue

extracellular specialized cells:


matrix: (= Formed elements)
Plasma
RBCs

WBCs

color ? Platelets
volume ?
Plasma Composition

Transports organic and


inorganic molecules,
formed elements, and heat

 Water 92%
 Plasma proteins 7%
 Other solutes 1%
Plasma Proteins

 Albumin (60%) Major contributor to osmotic


concentration of plasma. Transport of lipids
and steroid hormones

 Globulins (35%) Transport ions, hormones,


lipids; immune function

 Fibrinogen (4%) Essential component of


clotting system (conversion to insoluble
fibrin)

 Regulatory proteins (< 1%) ????


Other Solutes

 Electrolytes:
Normal extracellular
fluid ion composition (????)

 Organic nutrients: glucose, FA,


AA

 Organic wastes: urea, bilirubin


Difference between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid :

Plasma has more:


 Dissolved O2 O2 diffuses out into tissue
 Dissolved proteins (too big to cross caps.)
» Albumins
» Globulins
–  globulins
–  and  globulins
» Fibrinogen

Similar concentration: Salts & small molecules


Difference between
plasma and serum?
serum = plasma -
. . . . 2 more things:

Most plasma proteins are made in


liver. Exception: ?

Lipoproteins = particles containing


lipids (cholesterol & triglycerids) and
proteins (albumins & globulins)
Formed Elements
Red and White
Blood Cells
Platelets

 Platelets
.1%
 WBCs

 RBCs 99.9%
Formed Elements cont. Why white blood cells???
RBCs = Erythrocytes

Measured by hematocrit or PCV

Most abundant blood cell: 1000


RBCs/1 WBC

Contain hemoglobin, carry O2

Very regular shape - biconcave discs

Anucleate: Lifespan ~ 120 days


replacement rate ~ 3 mio RBCs / sec
Structure of Hemoglobin (Hb)


Fe ion
in heme
group
reversibly
binds O2

How many oxygen


molecules can 1
Hb molecule
carry? 
ABO & Rh Blood Types
 Blood groups (types) based on
specific RBC surface antigens (=
proteins)

blood type ?

 > 30 common varieties of antigens


known. Most important ABO & Rh
ABO Blood typing:
4 combinations possible

 A surface antigen = blood type A


 B surface antigen = blood type B
 both surface antigens = type AB
 neither surface antigen = type O

 Rh surface antigen = + blood type


 no Rh antigen = negative blood type
. . . 2 - 8 months after birth:

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies can be


formed in plasma !

normally NO
anti Rh present
Transfusion Reaction
Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal!

Universal Donor vs.


Universal Recipient
Only for emergencies - must be
given slowly !
Clinical Brief
Anemia: p. 536
Reduced oxygen carrying ability of blood.
Causes??

Polycythemia:
Erythrocytosis: excessive increase in
RBCs
Polycythemia vera:

Blood Doping: p. 545


Via direct transfusion, or
EPO use
WBCs = Leukocytes
Granulocytes and
Quantity and type determined Agranulocytes
by differential WBC count
Circulating WBCs are only a
small fraction of total WBCs.
Most are located in ?

Diapedesis

Chemotaxis
Neutrophil (= PMN)

Up to ~ 70% (~ 2/3) of circulating WBCs


Cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing
lysosomal enzymes

phagocytic
Eosinophil

~ 2% - 4% of circulating WBCs
Granules stain with eosin
Increased in allergies and parasitic infections
Basophil
 < 1% of circulating WBCs
 Granules stain with basic dyes and contain histamine
 Discharge of histamine promotes inflammation at site
of injury (Similar to mast cells)
Monocyte
 ~ 2% - 8% of circulating WBCs
 Large kidney shaped nucleus
 In tissue called Macrophage
Lymphocytes

 ~ 20% - 30% of circulating WBCs


 Relatively small (slightly larger than RBCs)
 Large round nucleus
 B, T, NK
Platelets = Thrombocytes

Cell fragments of Megakaryocytes


(~ 4,000 thrombocytes per Megakaryocyte)
 ~ 160 m
Lifespan ~ 12 days
involved in blood
clotting
Abnormal Blood Cell Counts

Leukopenia < 2,500/ L (normal 6000 – 9000)


Leukocytosis > 30,000/ L

Thrombocytopenia: < 80,000/ L (normal ~ 350,000)


Thrombocytosis: > 1,000,000/ L

Also
Lymphopenia vs. _____________
_________vs. Neutrophilia
Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell Formation

Hemocytoblasts: One type of stem cell for all blood cells

. . . then differentiation
into 4 types of
progenitor stem cells:
Erythroblast
Myeloblast Fig 20.8
Monoblast
Lymphoblast

In red bone marrow

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