F 5 Geo Tolerances
F 5 Geo Tolerances
F 5 Geo Tolerances
J. M. McCarthy
Fall 2003
Dial Indicator
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Micrometer
Surface Plate
Caliper Comparator
Depth Gauge
Overview of Geometric Tolerances
Form
Orientation
Position
Feature Control Frame
• 1 point of contact aligns the part with the tertiary datum plane
Using a Feature as a Datum
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The condition in which a feature contains the maximum amount of
material within the stated limits. e.g. minimum hole diameter, maximum shaft diameter.
• Least Material Condition (LMC): The condition in which a feature contains the least amount of material
within the stated limits. e.g. maximum hole diameter, minimum shaft diameter
• Regardless of Feature Size (RFS): This is the default condition for all geometric tolerances. No bonus
tolerances are allowed and functional gauges may not be used.
This means:
• A hole is a perfect cylinder when it is at its smallest permissible diameter,
• A shaft is a perfect cylinder when at its largest diameter.
• Planes are perfectly parallel when at their maximum distance.
• A shaft has a size tolerance defined for its fit into a hole. A shaft meets this tolerance if at every point
along its length a diameter measurement fall within the specified values.
• This allows the shaft to be bent into any shape. A straightness tolerance on the shaft axis specifies the
amount of bend allowed.
• Add the straightness tolerance to the maximum shaft size (MMC) to obtain a “virtual
condition” Vc, or virtual hole, that the shaft must fit to be acceptable.
Straightness of a Hole
• The size tolerance for a hole defines the range of sizes of its
diameter at each point along the centerline. This does not
eliminate a curve to the hole.
• The size dimension of a rectangular part defines the range of sizes at any cross-section.
• The straightness tolerance specifies the allowable curve to the entire side.
• Add the straightness tolerance to the maximum size (MMC) to define a virtual condition Vc that
the part must fit into in order to meet the tolerance.
Flatness, Circularity and Cylindricity
• The flatness tolerance defines a distance between parallel planes that must contain the
highest and lowest points on a face.
• The circularity tolerance defines a pair of concentric circles that must contain the
maximum and minimum radius points of a circle.
• The cylindricity tolerance defines a pair of concentric cylinders that much contain the
maximum and minimum radius points along a cylinder.
Parallelism Tolerance
• A perpendicular tolerance is
measured relative to a datum plane.
• Shaft: The maximum shaft size plus the tolerance defines the virtual hole.
• Hole: The minimum hole size minus the tolerance defines the virtual shaft.
• Plane: The tolerance defines the variation of the location of the center plane.
Angularity
• The position tolerance for a hole defines a zone that has a defined shape, size, location and orientation.
• It has the diameter specified by the tolerance and extends the length of the hole.
• Basic dimensions locate the theoretically exact center of the hole and the center of the tolerance zone.
• Basic dimensions are measured from the datum reference frame.
Material Condition Modifiers
MMC
A datum specification for the pattern only specifies the orientation of the pattern tolerance zones.
Geometric tolerances are different from the tolerances allowed for the size of feature, they
specify the allowable variation of the shape of a feature.
There are three basic types of geometric tolerances: Form, Orientation and Position tolerances.
Geometric tolerances are specified using a control frame consisting of a tolerance symbol, a
tolerance value and optional datum planes.
Material condition modifiers define the condition at which the tolerance is to be applied. If the
maximum material condition is specified, then there is a “bonus tolerance” associated with a
decrease in material.
1. The form of a feature is assumed to be perfect at its maximum material condition.
2. If no material condition is specified, then it is regard less of feature size.