Network Design Issues
Network Design Issues
Network Design Issues
fig 5-1
Services provided to Transport layer
The services need to be carefully designed with the following goals in mind:
1. The services should be independent of the router technology.
2. The transport layer should be shielded from the number, type, and
topology of the routers present.
3. The network addresses made available to the transport layer should
use a uniform numbering plan, even across LANs and WANs.
Packet Switching
Datagram Approach: Connectionless Service
5-4
Network Layer Services
Packetizing: encapsulating the payload(data received from upper layer) at
source and decapsulating at the destination.
Routing: To find the best path from source to destination using routing
protocols.
Forwarding: Action applied by each router when packet arrives at one of its
interface using routing or forwarding table.
Propagation Delay
Delaypg = (Distance) / (Propagation speed).
Processing Delay
Delaypr = Time required to process a packet in a router or a
destination host
Queuing Delay
Delayqu = The time a packet waits in input and output queues in a router
Total Delay
When a router receives a packet while processing another packet, the received
packet needs to be stored in the input buffer waiting for its turn.
A router, however, has an input buffer with a limited size. A time may come
when the buffer is full and the next packet needs to be dropped.
The effect of packet loss on the Internet network layer is that the packet needs
to be resent, which in turn may create overflow and cause more packet loss.