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    Network Design Issues

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    Mustur Raghunath Reddy
    The document discusses several key network layer design issues including store-and-forward packet switching, the services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram subnets. It also covers network layer performance metrics such as delay, throughput, and packet loss.

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    Network Design Issues

    Uploaded by

    Mustur Raghunath Reddy
    2K views13 pages
    The document discusses several key network layer design issues including store-and-forward packet switching, the services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram subnets. It also covers network layer performance metrics such as delay, throughput, and packet loss.

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    it is about network design issues.

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    The document discusses several key network layer design issues including store-and-forward packet switching, the services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram subnets. It also covers network layer performance metrics such as delay, throughput, and packet loss.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views13 pages

    Network Design Issues

    Uploaded by

    Mustur Raghunath Reddy
    The document discusses several key network layer design issues including store-and-forward packet switching, the services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram subnets. It also covers network layer performance metrics such as delay, throughput, and packet loss.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Network Layer Design Issues

     Store-and-Forward Packet Switching


     Services Provided to the Transport Layer
     Implementation of Connectionless Service
     Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
     Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Subnets
    Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
     The environment of the network layer protocols.

    fig 5-1
    Services provided to Transport layer

    The services need to be carefully designed with the following goals in mind:
    1. The services should be independent of the router technology.
    2. The transport layer should be shielded from the number, type, and
    topology of the routers present.
    3. The network addresses made available to the transport layer should
    use a uniform numbering plan, even across LANs and WANs.
    Packet Switching
     Datagram Approach: Connectionless Service

     Virtual Circuit Approach: Connection Oriented Service


    Implementation of Connectionless Service
     Routing within a diagram subnet.
    Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
     Routing within a virtual-circuit subnet.
    Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Subnets

    5-4
    Network Layer Services
     Packetizing: encapsulating the payload(data received from upper layer) at
    source and decapsulating at the destination.

     Routing: To find the best path from source to destination using routing
    protocols.

     Forwarding: Action applied by each router when packet arrives at one of its
    interface using routing or forwarding table.

     Routing and Forwarding are related to each other.


    NETWORK-LAYER PERFORMANCE

    The performance of a network can be measured in terms of:


     Delay
     Throughput
     Packet loss
    Delay

    The delays in a network can be divided into four types:


     Transmission delay
     Propagation delay
     Processing delay
     Queuing delay.
     Transmission Delay
    Delaytr = (Packet length) / (Transmission rate).

     Propagation Delay
    Delaypg = (Distance) / (Propagation speed).

     Processing Delay
    Delaypr = Time required to process a packet in a router or a
    destination host

     Queuing Delay
    Delayqu = The time a packet waits in input and output queues in a router

     Total Delay

    Total delay = (n + 1) (Delaytr + Delaypg + Delaypr) + (n) (Delayqu)


    Throughput

     Throughput = minimum {TR1, TR2, . . . TRn}.


    Packet Loss

     When a router receives a packet while processing another packet, the received
    packet needs to be stored in the input buffer waiting for its turn.

     A router, however, has an input buffer with a limited size. A time may come
    when the buffer is full and the next packet needs to be dropped.

     The effect of packet loss on the Internet network layer is that the packet needs
    to be resent, which in turn may create overflow and cause more packet loss.

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