GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 01 - Principles of The WCDMA System - V1.0
GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 01 - Principles of The WCDMA System - V1.0
GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 01 - Principles of The WCDMA System - V1.0
2008-12-31 1.1 Updated the access technology in the latest products in Dong Qihuan
page 8.
Added the comparison of frequency computation
between the GSM and the WCDMA in page 13.
Added the comparison of encoding process in page 27.
Added explanations about closed loop power control in
page 66.
Added explanations about handover in page 79.
FDMA
Power
y
CDMA
e nc
Tim u
e req
F
TDMA Power
Time ncy
Freque
Power
y
Tim enc
e r equ
F
Gb Iu - CS Iu - PS
A Iu
Sector = Cell. One cell can One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier
include multiple carriers.
1980
1920
1960
1865
1885
1895
1918
2170 MHz
1885
1890
1930
1965
1970
1975
1870
1895
1910
Tx signals
Rx signals
Intensity
Time
Rx data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30
Intensity Intensity
Large
Broadband fading
system
Frequency
(CDMA) Frequency
Tx signals Rx fading signals
Bit (bit/s): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
− The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bit/s).
In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.
For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is
4, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading
factor is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
Channel
Source coding
Interleaving RF
Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding and emission
interleaving
Radio channel
De-
Source interleaving
deinterleaving
De-spreading Descrambling Demodulation RF
decoding Channel reception
decoding
Source Channel RF
coding Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
interleaving
emission
Source Channel
Interleaving RF
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding interleaving emission
Ist interleaving
A4 A5 A6 A7 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C0 C1 C2 C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
.... . . . . . . . . ....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
Source Channel RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding emission
interleaving
1
Data
-1
Chip
Spreading
1
Spreading code
-1
Spreading signal 1
= Data x Code word
-1
De-
spreading
1
Spreading code
-1
Data 1
= Spreading signal x
-1
Code word
UE1: +1 -1 1
_____________
UE2: -1 +1
c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1
-1
c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
+1
UE1×c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
+1
UE2×c2: -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1
+1
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Over uplink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services
of a user.
Source Channel
Interleaving RF
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding emission
interleaving
There are 224 uplink long scrambling codes and 224 uplink short
scrambling codes.
Over downlink channels, scrambling codes are used to differentiate
cells (sectors/carriers).
…
Set 0
scrambling code
Secondary
scrambling code 15
Downlink
Set 1
…
Primary scrambling
code 511×16
Set 511
Secondary scrambling
code 511×16 + 1
Each set contains 1
… primary scrambling
code and 15
8192 scrambling 512 sets Secondary scrambling secondary
codes code 511×16 + 15 scrambling codes.
Group 0
Primary
Downlink
scrambling code 7
Group 1
…
Primary scrambling
code 504 Each group
Group 63 contains eight
Primary scrambling scrambling
code 505 codes, one of
… which is the
primary
512 scrambling 64 groups Primary scrambling scrambling code.
codes code 511
a2Tbit = Ebit
Eb/No
required
Allowed maximum interference level
Other user
interference signals
Echip
f
Broadband signal P (f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal Noise + broadband signal
combination
P (f)
f
Spreading code f
Receiving path 1
Receiving path 3
s(t) s(t)
t t
Data Data
┏━○2
┃
┗━○3
The interval for timeslot access is 5120 chips, indicating that the maximum
coverage radius of a WCDMA BS is 200 km.
AICH: used to carry acquisition indications of PRACH prefix. An AICH must be
configured with a PRACH as a pair.
Each cell must be configured with all these channels, at least one for each
type.
Load control: After a certain number of UEs access to the system, the RRM must ensure
that the load of the entire system retains at a stable level to ensure the QoS of each
connection in the system.
QoS assurance and power saving run through the entire RRM.
Owing to the near-far effect, the WCDMA system must introduce power
control. In addition, power control can also bring many other benefits:
Adjust the transmit power to maintain the uplink and downlink communication
quality.
Overcome slow and fast fading.
Reduce network interference and improve the system quality and capacity.
RACH
NodeB UE
The open loop power control is The UE measures the
intended to roughly estimate the received power of the
initial transmit power. It estimates CPICH and
the path loss and interference level calculates the initial
according to measurement results, uplink transmit power.
and thus calculates the initial
transmit power.
p-a
Pre- Pre-
amble amble Message part
PRACH access
slots TX at UE
p-p p-m
Access process of the PRACH:
A UE transmits a PRACH preamble signal over the PRACH. After a BS
successfully captures the preamble signal, the BS responds with an AI over
the downlink AICH. If the UE receives the AI signal, the UE transmits a
PRACH message. If the UE fails to receive the AI signal at the time point τp-a,
the UE will increase the power and transmit next preamble signal after a
certain time τp-p. The UE will continue such an action over and over until it
receives the AI signals.
In the early stage of network construction, the coverage is limited, so the Constant Value can be
set to a larger value (-16 dB or -15dB).
In this way, the network can receive the preamble signals sent by the UE in time. In addition, the
parameter Power Ramp Step can also be set to a larger value to increase the network probability
of capturing preamble signals.
Default settings:
Constant Value: -20 dB
PowerRampStep: 2 dB
PreambleRetransMax: 20
Understanding
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Open Loop Power Control over the Downlink DPCCH
Method for setting the initial power of the downlink DPCCH:
Note: The (Ec/Io) Req is the required Ec/Io for a UE to correctly receive the dedicated
channel. The CPICH_Ec/Io is the Ec/Io of the CPICH measured by the UE,
and it is reported to the UTRAN through the RACH. The PCPICH is the
transmit power of the CPICH.
Understanding
1500
Measure SIRs of received signals Hz
and compare them
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
Send TPC bits
Set SIRtar
10-100Hz
RNC
NodeB UE
Outer loop
1500 Hz 10-100 Hz
Set SIRtar
Send TPC
Inner loop
PRACH √
DPCCH √ √ √
DPDCH √ √
PCPICH √
PCCPCH √
SCCPCH √
AICH √
PICH √
Soft handover:
Soft handover
Softer handover
Hard handover:
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time
Data
received/ No “GAP” of communication
sent by
the UE
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time
Data
received/ “GAP” of communication
sent by
the UE
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time
Modulation mode: QPSK for both the uplink and the downlink
Power control: uplink and downlink closed and open loop
power control
Adopts AMR speech coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75
kbit/s to 12.2 kbit/s
Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve the capacity
Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data
services, including the voice, videophone, and video conference.