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Sleep Disorder (睡眠障碍) : Juan Yang General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Department of Neurology

The document discusses sleep disorders and insomnia. It provides information on: 1. Normal sleep patterns across different age groups from infancy to older adulthood and how sleep changes with age. 2. The clinical features of insomnia including trouble falling asleep, frequent awakenings, and non-refreshing sleep. 3. Common causes, risk factors, and types of insomnia as well as how it is evaluated using tools like polysomnography and questionnaires.

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Arvindhan
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111 views

Sleep Disorder (睡眠障碍) : Juan Yang General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Department of Neurology

The document discusses sleep disorders and insomnia. It provides information on: 1. Normal sleep patterns across different age groups from infancy to older adulthood and how sleep changes with age. 2. The clinical features of insomnia including trouble falling asleep, frequent awakenings, and non-refreshing sleep. 3. Common causes, risk factors, and types of insomnia as well as how it is evaluated using tools like polysomnography and questionnaires.

Uploaded by

Arvindhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sleep Disorder(睡眠障碍)

Juan Yang
General Hospital of Ningxia
Medical University
Department of Neurology
After class,you need answer
following questions

1. Clinical features of insomnia?


2.Know some health habits of sleep.
Sleep throughout life
 Childhood and adolescence
Sleep needs range from 18 hrs a day for infants to
about 9 hrs a day for teenagers
 Adulthood
Amount of deep sleep drops dramatically between age
20 and 40, and average sleep time is 7.5 hours
Women’s reproductive cycles affect sleep
Especially pregnancy (sleepier first trimester)
Also affected by menstrual cycle
( menstrual period )
Sleep in middle age

Sleep becomes lighter and nighttime awakenings


become more frequent and last longer
Often wake up after 3 hours of sleep
Menopause may lead to hot flashes that interrupt
sleep repeatedly
Breathing problems may begin, especially among
overweight people (severe snore or sleep apnea)
Sleep among older adults
Little deep sleep
Dozens of awakenings during the night
Falling asleep takes longer
Despite the above, over a 24-hour period older
adults accumulate the same amount of total
sleep as younger people
Older adults more likely to nap during the
day
Older adults do need the same amount of sleep
as they did when they were younger
Normal sleep pattern
We cycle through the stages of sleep about
every 90 minutes during the night, in the
same order
Most dreaming occurs during the second
half of the night, as REM sleep lasts
longer and longer
Characteristics of REM sleep

 Cerebral metabolism and blood flow increase


EEG is similar to waking time
muscle tension is very low,except eye / middle ear
muscle

 Autonomic nerve dysfunction


Sensory function decreased significantly
Characteristics of NREM sleep

 Systemic metabolism slows down


Cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity decreased

Smooth breathing, Heart rate slows down


Blood pressure decreased

Muscle tone decreased


No obvious eye movements
Polysomnography(PSG)
Harms

1. Low-energy levels.
2. Feeling tired all the time.
3. Inability to concentrate on things you do.
4. Mood swings.
5. Vulnerability to illness
6. Poor sleep can lead to accidents because
of lack of alertness, on road or at work.
Insomnia

More than half of adults in the U.S. said they


experienced insomnia at least a few nights a
week during the past year
Nearly one-third said they had insomnia nearly
every night
Increases with age
The most frequent health complaint after pain
Twice as common in women as in men
Insomnia: A common sleep problem

People with insomnia may have


Trouble falling asleep
Many awakenings during the night, with
difficulty going back to sleep
Fitful sleep
Daytime drowsiness，Forgetful, with difficulty
concentrating
21 march

Do you know the Dleep day?which day?


Definition

Difficulty falling asleep


Waking up frequently during the night with
difficulty returning to sleep
Waking up too early in the morning
Unrefreshing sleep
Etiology

Symptom of numerous diverse etiologies


Usually due to more than one factor and
each needs a separate evaluation
In all cases, one should strive to find the
cause as it will dictate the proper treatment
Conditions

Hyperthyroidism
Arthritis or any other painful condition
Chronic lung or kidney disease
Cardiovascular disease (heart failure, CAD)
Heartburn (GERD gastroesophageal reflux
disease )
Neurological disorders (epilepsy, Alzheimer’s,
headaches, stroke, tumors, Parkinson’s Disease)
Diabetes
Menopause
Common drugs

Alcohol Corticosteroids
Caffeine/chocolate Decongestants
Nicotine/nicotine patch Antidepressants
Beta blockers Thyroid hormones
Calcium channel Anticonvulsants
blockers High blood pressure
Bronchodilators medications
Types of insomnia

Transient: Less than 2 weeks


Intermittent: Repetitive episodes of
transient insomnia
Chronic: Continuing difficulty with
sleep
Chronic insomnia
Complaint of poor sleep causing distress or
impairment for 6 months or longer
Average less than 6.5 hours sleep per day
Or 3 episodes per week of:
Taking longer than 30 minutes to fall asleep
Waking up during the night for at least an hour
Not accounted for by another sleep disorder, mental
disorder, medical condition or substance use.
AIS\SDRS\SRSS gauge can be used.
Treatment: sleeping pills
 Most common treatment approach
Drowsiness common the next day
 NOT meant for chronic insomnia
Effective for short-term (a couple weeks) insomnia
only
 Tolerance and dependency may develop
 Withdrawal, rebound, relapse may occur
 But commonly used, despite the above
5-10% of adults have used a benzodiazepine in past
year as a sleep aid
10-20% of those over age 65 use sleeping pills
Benzodiazepines
Dose Half-life Comments

Flurazepam(Dalma 15,30 mg Long Daytime drowsiness


ne) common; rarely
Clonazepam(Klono 0.5-2 mg Long used
Used for PLM,
pin) REM behavior
disorder; can cause
Temazepam 15,30 mg Intermediate morning drowsiness
(Restoril)
Estazolam (ProSom) 1-2 mg Intermediate Can cause
agranulocytosis
Triazolam (Halcion) 0.125,0.25 mg Short Rebound insomnia
may occur
Zolpidem (Ambien) 5,10 mg Short A
nonbenzodiazepam
Zopliclone (Sonata) 5,10 mg Short
hours A nonbenzodiazepam
Recent medication additions

 Eszopiclone (Lunesta) 1,2,3 mgIntermediate


Approved for chronic insomnia
 Zolpidem(Amvien CR) 10 mg Action same as
above
 Rozerem(Ramelton)

Alternative medications
 Antidepressants
 Not much research

 Some, including SSRIs, can cause daytime drowsiness

 Melatonin
 Good for jet leg, especially in elderly, but not much
information on long-term use
 Reported to cause depression, vasoconstriction

 Benadryl
 Rarely indicated, can cause a hangover

 Herbal supplements
 Use in conjunction with a sleep log
Non-drug treatments

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)


Stimulus control
Cognitive therapy
Sleep restriction
Relaxation training
Sleep hygiene
False beliefs about insomnia

 Misconceptions about causes of insomnia


 “Insomnia is a normal part of aging.”
 Unrealistic expectations re: sleep needs
 “I must have 8 hours of sleep each night.”
 Faulty beliefs about insomnia consequences
 “Insomnia can make me sick or cause a mental
breakdown.”
 Misattributions of daytime impairments
 “I’ve had a bad day because of my insomnia.”
 I can’t have a normal day after a sleepless night.”
Stimulus control
you can do this on your own
Go to bed only when sleepy
Use the bed only for sleeping
If unable to sleep, move to another room
Return to bed only when sleepy
Repeat the above as often as necessary
Get up at the same time every morning
Do not nap
Relaxation training

 More effective than no treatment, but not as


effective as sleep restriction
 More useful with younger compared with
older adults
 Engage in any activities that you find
relaxing shortly before bed or while in bed
Can include listening to a relaxation tape,
soothing music, muscle relaxation
exercises, a pleasant image
Healthy sleep habits (sleep hygiene)
 Avoid alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, chocolate
For several hours before bedtime
 Cut down on non-sleeping time in bed
Bed only for sleep
 Avoid trying to sleep
You can’t make yourself sleep, but you can set
the stage for sleep to occur naturally
 Avoid a visible bedroom clock with a lighted dial
Don’t let yourself repeatedly check the time!
Can turn the clock around or put it under the bed
More healthy sleep habits
 Adjust the bedroom environment
Sleep is better in a cool room, around 65 F
（Fahrenheit） .
Darker is better
If you get up during the night to use the bathroom,
use minimum light
Use a white noise machine or a fan to drown out
other sounds
Make sure your bed and pillow are comfortable
If you have a partner who snores, kicks, etc., you
may have to move to another bed (try white noise
first)
THANKS!

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