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    Saurav

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    Saurav GOYAL
    This document summarizes the production of femtosecond lasers. It discusses the basics of lasers including continuous and pulsed lasers. It describes how ultrashort laser pulses are generated through mode-locking and how chirped pulse amplification is used to amplify short pulses without damaging the gain medium. Specifically, pulses are first stretched in time using a dispersive element to reduce their peak power before amplification, then recompressed to their original short duration. This technique is key to producing the high powers needed for applications of femtosecond lasers such as molecular movies, ophthalmology, and dermatology.

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    Saurav

    Uploaded by

    Saurav GOYAL
    15 views20 pages
    This document summarizes the production of femtosecond lasers. It discusses the basics of lasers including continuous and pulsed lasers. It describes how ultrashort laser pulses are generated through mode-locking and how chirped pulse amplification is used to amplify short pulses without damaging the gain medium. Specifically, pulses are first stretched in time using a dispersive element to reduce their peak power before amplification, then recompressed to their original short duration. This technique is key to producing the high powers needed for applications of femtosecond lasers such as molecular movies, ophthalmology, and dermatology.

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    Laser and production of ULtrafast laser

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    This document summarizes the production of femtosecond lasers. It discusses the basics of lasers including continuous and pulsed lasers. It describes how ultrashort laser pulses are generated through mode-locking and how chirped pulse amplification is used to amplify short pulses without damaging the gain medium. Specifically, pulses are first stretched in time using a dispersive element to reduce their peak power before amplification, then recompressed to their original short duration. This technique is key to producing the high powers needed for applications of femtosecond lasers such as molecular movies, ophthalmology, and dermatology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views20 pages

    Saurav

    Uploaded by

    Saurav GOYAL
    This document summarizes the production of femtosecond lasers. It discusses the basics of lasers including continuous and pulsed lasers. It describes how ultrashort laser pulses are generated through mode-locking and how chirped pulse amplification is used to amplify short pulses without damaging the gain medium. Specifically, pulses are first stretched in time using a dispersive element to reduce their peak power before amplification, then recompressed to their original short duration. This technique is key to producing the high powers needed for applications of femtosecond lasers such as molecular movies, ophthalmology, and dermatology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    LASER and Production of

    Femtosecond LASER

    By-
    SAURAV(MP18007)
    Outline

     Basicsof lasers
     Continuous laser/Pulsed laser
     Generation and properties of ultrashort pulses
     Amplification of short laser pulses
    Spontaneous emission

    Absorption Spontaneous emission

    Incident light

    Ground state
    Atom
    Characteristics of spontaneous emission
    Ground state
    • Random process
    • Photons from different atoms are not coherent
    • Random direction of emitted photon
    Stimulated emission

    More intense light

    Ground state

    Emitted Photon have- Also there is probability of the excited


    • same energy (or wavelength), atom to de-excite under the influence of
    ext field which is proportional to density
    • same phase (coherent) of incident radiation.
    • same direction of propagation Incident Radn stimulates the excited
    atom to ground state.

    In fact spontaneous emission is


    Stimulated by vacuum fluctuations.
    LASER

    • LIGHT AMLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF


    RADIATION
    Electromagnetic rad are amplified (using active medium)by the
    operation Stimulation emission

    Characteristics:
    -High monochromatic /high temporal coherence
    -Highly collimated /high spatial coherence
    -High power
    Basic components of a laser
    PUMP

    I0 I1 Ioutput

    I3 Active medium I2
    Mirror, Mirror,
    R = 100% R < 100%

    There will be selected no. PUMPING is given using ext light source or
    of modes inside the Cavity. electrical pumping.

    Also Called “LOSER”


    Because of oscillations of light. Ruby uses xenon flash lamp.
    He-Ne laser user electrical discharge.
    Amplification of light

    I >I0

    Active med.
    I0
    Population Inversion (N2>N1)
    Light amplification by stimulated
    emission occurs when passing
    N2 through gain medium.
    Energy

    Absorption: only possible if an


    atom is not in the excited state.

    For lasing action Population


    N1 Inversion is necessary.
    Molecules
    Four-level laser
    4

    Population Inversion fast


    is easily obtain in
    Molecules
    The four-level accumulate in
    System. 3
    this level,
    slow Laser leading to an
    transition inversion with
    respect to
    2
    this level.

    fast

    1
    Frequency modes of the laser cavity

    f1=v/2L

    Bandwidth of gain medium


    f2=2f1

    c
     
    2L
    Allowed
    freq.
    CONTINUOUS Pulse

    Continuous-wave operation of a laser means that


    the laser is continuously pumped and continuously
    emits light.
    Its power is in watts.

    Pulse Laser optical power appears in pulses of


    some duration.
    Pulse laser power is in more then megawatts.

    Ruby laser was first pulse laser (millisecs).


    Production of Pulse Laser

    Continuous laser can be pulsed using shutters(Electrical)but(microsecs)

    Cavity Dumping (nanosecs)


    we store energy inside the cavity and for short period of time dump it out.
    Q switching(microsecs to nanosec)
    In Q switching we first dec the Q value(inc the energy loss) then inc the
    Q value in short time using-
    Pockel cell(change the polarization of light)
    Mode locking(picosecs to femtosecs)
    In this we locked the Phase btw diff. modes in side the cavity using -
    Acoustic transducer applying frequency with difference btw adjacent cavity
    frequency(c/2L)
    Dye(saturable absorber)

    Ruby is Al2O3 Cr3+


    Generation of short pulses by mode-locking

    Initially

    After mode
    Ultrashort laser pulses
    So More no. of modes are required
    to form ultra pulse laser and high
    intensity.

    Pulse width is inversely proportional


    to no. of modes.
    t=1/ N n So we use dyes and Ti Sapphire(Ti+3
    Al2O3) having large bandwidth(as gain
    medium).
    Irradiance vs.
    time
    Spectrum
    Long pulse

    time frequency

    Short pulse

    frequency time
    Amplification of short laser pulses

    Pump

    Laser Amplifier
    Output

    oscillator medium
    R=100% R<100%

    But At High Intensity there


    occurs non linear effect in
    medium.
    To avoid this non linear effect we first pass the
    laser light through CHIRPING process which dec
    the peak power.
    Chirped Pulse Amplification

    • Pulse is stretched first to avoid high intensity artifacts in the active medium
    • Amplified pulse is compressed to obtain the short pulse duration

    Power obtain
    is in PetaW

    Oscillator Stretcher Amplifier Compressor


    (Gain medium)
    Group velocity dispersion: Chirping pulse

    Dispersive Stretcher
    in this the pulse is dispersed   dn 
    v g  v phase / 1  
    that dec the peak value of pulse.  n d 

    Method first used in


    1980

    Then we pass this


    through Amplifier.
    Pulse compression

    Spatial separation of different frequencies


    Pulse compression occurs by delaying the frequencies that are ahead(high f)

    We can use two prism and a mirror


    OR gratings and mirror
    FSL Mainly USED IN

     Helps in viewing the motion of molecules as a


    slomo camera
     IN Ophthalmology (CATARACT SURGERY)
     Obtaining high TEMP 28000 K
     By Dermatologist(Vascular lesions)
    Resources and References

    .B. Laud, Lasers and Non-Linear Optics

    .Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena(Wiki)

    .Freezing Atoms in Motion: Laser stroboscopy

    ..Google Zinda Baad

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