Mesopotamia: Cradle of Civilization
Mesopotamia: Cradle of Civilization
Mesopotamia: Cradle of Civilization
Cradle of Civilization
Mesopotamia
Geographic area-
In modern day country
of Iraq
The name means “land
between 2 rivers”
2 Rivers- Tigris River
and Euphrates River
Mesopotamia
The constant water supply from the 2
rivers provided rich farm land ideal for
growing crops.
The rivers flooded each spring, the early
people in the area built levees to keep the
flood waters back and built irrigation
systems.
Mesopotamia
Area was first settled about 4500-4000
B.C.
These people were originally farmers,
herders, and fishermen.
They made tools, bricks, clay figures, and
pottery.
Sumer
The people who lived there were called
Sumerians
The first known civilization around 3500 B.C.
The Sumerian people made wagon wheels, used
copper and bronze, made sail boats, used plows,
wrote laws, and studied astronomy.
Sumer
Important city states developed
Built strong walled cities for protection
from outside invaders
Important Sumerian city-
Ur (capital of Sumer) had a population of
around 200,000
Most cities were unattractive- no public
services available to remove garbage and
sewage. This was left to pile up on the
streets.
Sumerian Cities
Streets were narrow, unpaved, winding
Houses were one story mud brick structures with
flat roofs.
Members of the upper class had 2 story houses
with many rooms that included sleeping quarters
and servants quarters and burial plots below the
house
Household utensils made out of stone, copper
and bronze
Merchants supplied the townspeople with
material items
Religion
Sumerians constructed shrines or temples called
Ziggurats.
Ziggurats were to serve as a pedestal for the
gods to descend to Earth.
On top was a shrine room where people would
pray or hope to entertain a divine visitor.
Religion
Public was not invited to engage in temple
rituals, but they needed to constantly pray
or the gods would not bless their lands.
Around the ziggurat were courts where
artisans worked, children went to school,
and people traded and stored goods there.
Sumerians believed that all of nature was
controlled by gods
Education
The Sumerian schools were called “tablet houses”
and were used to educate scribes for various
religious, governmental, and commercial jobs.
Schools at first were mostly religious and were
for rich children
Male only
Classes went from morning until sunset
Curriculum included- grammar, penmanship,
science, and math
Writing
Writing helped man maintain a complex
economic and political society
Sumerian writing dates back as early as
3100 B.C.
Dried Mud tablets with a sharp pointed
reed called a stylus was how they wrote
the cuneiform.
This writing was adopted by their
conquerors and used for about 2000
years.
Family Life
Woman had rights in Sumerian society
They could buy and sell property and
could run businesses
The husband was the head of the
household
He could divorce his wife or rent out his
wife and children for up to three years
Children were expected to support their
parents when they became old
Priests and Kings
Priests were also the kings of the city-states
Gilgamesh was the most famous
Received advice from an assembly of free
men
During wars, the assembly chose a military
leader to serve until the war was over
Eventually, these leaders stayed in charge
and became kings.
Kingship became hereditary
Ticket out the Door
Irrigation
schools
canals
Accomplishments
First city
builders
Developed
religion and
government
Section 2
Later Mesopotamian Empires
Sargon 1
Ruled an area called Akkad
Began to conquer city-states one by one
and became king of all of them
Created world’s first empire
Ruled for 50 years
Hammurabi of Babylon
Hammurabi was king of Babylon who
conquered Akkad and Sumer
The Babylonians took on the language and
religion of the people they conquered
Hammurabi improved irrigation systems
and changed the religion
Developed his own set of laws called the
Code of Hammurabi
Hammurabi
Appointed judges to carry out the code
Judges were punished if not honest
He believed people were innocent until
proven guilty
During Hammurabi’s rule, Babylon became
a trade center
Hammurabi’s reign is known as the Golden
Age of Babylon
Ticket Out the Door
How is Hammurabi’s code similar to the
laws in the United States?
Section 3
Contributions
Inventions and Contributions
Inventions and customs of the Sumerians
and Babylonians were copied and
improved upon by other cultures.
Inventions and Contributions
Oldest written records in
the world
First written laws
Cuneiform was a model
for other people’s
system of writing
Inventions and Contributions
Invented the wheel which aided
transportation
Invented the plow which allowed farmers
to grow more food
Invented the sailboat which replaced
muscle power with wind power
wheel
Inventions and contributions
Developed a 12
month calendar
based on the
cycles of the moon
It marked the
times for religious
festivals and
planting
Inventions and Contributions
Contributions to math
Developed a number system based on 60
60 minute hour
60 second minute
360 degree circle
Clock that was controlled by water
Ticket out the Door