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    OPTOGENETICS

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    Darsana
    Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technique that uses light to control neurons. It involves genetically engineering neurons to express light-sensitive ion channels and pumps. When exposed to light, these modified neurons are activated or silenced. Optogenetics offers high precision targeting of specific neurons with millisecond temporal resolution and has applications in neuroscience research and potential therapies. However, challenges remain regarding the introduction of foreign genes into the human brain and associated risks.

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    OPTOGENETICS

    Uploaded by

    Darsana
    88 views20 pages
    Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technique that uses light to control neurons. It involves genetically engineering neurons to express light-sensitive ion channels and pumps. When exposed to light, these modified neurons are activated or silenced. Optogenetics offers high precision targeting of specific neurons with millisecond temporal resolution and has applications in neuroscience research and potential therapies. However, challenges remain regarding the introduction of foreign genes into the human brain and associated risks.

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    Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technique that uses light to control neurons. It involves genetically engineering neurons to express light-sensitive ion channels and pumps. When exposed to light, these modified neurons are activated or silenced. Optogenetics offers high precision targeting of specific neurons with millisecond temporal resolution and has applications in neuroscience research and potential therapies. However, challenges remain regarding the introduction of foreign genes into the human brain and associated risks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    88 views20 pages

    OPTOGENETICS

    Uploaded by

    Darsana
    Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technique that uses light to control neurons. It involves genetically engineering neurons to express light-sensitive ion channels and pumps. When exposed to light, these modified neurons are activated or silenced. Optogenetics offers high precision targeting of specific neurons with millisecond temporal resolution and has applications in neuroscience research and potential therapies. However, challenges remain regarding the introduction of foreign genes into the human brain and associated risks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    OPTOGENETICS

    NEURONS AND
    SIGNALS
    Nervous system is made
    up of billions of cells
    called neuron

    Signals travel along the


    fibres as a wave of
    electric charge
    A chemical called
    neurotransmitter at the
    end of synapses flood
    into the gap between two
    neuron
    It triggers a new signal
    in the next neuron
     Traditional BMI method is based on electrical
    stimulation.
     This method requires implanting electrodes deep
    into the brain.
     It is a neuromodulation technique employed in
    neuroscience that uses a combination of technique
    from optics and genetics to control and monitor the
    activities of individual neuron.
     Optogenetics was first invented in 2006 by KARL
    DEISSEROTH
     It paves the way for new therapies that could target a
    number of psychiatric disorders.
    1. It can excite the particular neuron with
    approximately 10% higher precision.
    2. Activity recording can be conducted easily
    3. Target cell can be restricted only to certain cells
     Viruses are engineered to infect neurons with a
    special type of channel, which are sensitive to light
     Channelrhodopsin is used to excite the nerve
     Halorhodopsin is used to inhibit the nerve
     Infrared
     High frequency or near field communication
     Ultrahigh frequency
     Ultrasound
     Metal cannulas and fibre
    optics is replaced by 4
    microfluidic
    channelsmade of
    elastomer
    polydimethylsiloxane and
    µ-ILED
     Operating voltage-3.6V
     Major disadvantage is the
    need for line of sight
     3 main components
    1. IR transmitter
    2. LED stimulator
    3. Small LEDs
     12V DC power to
    operate IR transmitter
     3.7 Li battery for LED
     Using IR brings an
    advantage in terms of
    weight,cost,complexity.
    ..etc.,
     Composed of
    1. Copper coil
    2. A Chip
    3. Capacitor
    4. Rectifier
    5. µ-ILED
     Bilayer encapsulation
    of parylene and PDMS
     Comparatively cheap
     Loss less
     Easier to use
     Fully implantable
     Allows animals to freely
    move
     Consist of:
    1. Power receiving coil
    2. Rectifier
    3. Circuit board
    4. Blue µ-LED
    Wireless Frequency Pros Cons
    technology
    Infrared (IR) 300 GHz–430 Low power consumption; LoS between base station and
    THz multi-band transmissions. implanted unit; requires a battery
    unit for the head unit.
    High frequency 3–30 MHz Medium propagation loss in Coil dimension of approx. 1 cm;
    (HF) biological tissue; cheap and requires surface mounted chip
    easy to manufacture; (NFC).
    supports energy harvesting
    circuitry.

    Ultra high 300 MHz–3 Smaller coil diameter than High propagation loss in biological
    frequency GHz HF circuitry; cheap and easy tissue
    (UHF) to manufacture;Supports
    energy harvesting circuitry.

    Ultrasound [9] ≥ 20 kHz Low propagation loss in Complex circuit manufacturing;


    biological tissue; size of difficulty in ultrasound frequency
    hundreds of mm; supports addressing.
    energy harvesting circuitry;
    safe utilization in human
    tissue.
     Specificity
     Virus is only injected into a very small part of brain,
    and only a certain class of neuron.
     Response time is faster than other treatment
     Optogenetics is less invasive than electrical
    stimulation
     Introduction of a foreign gene into human brain
     Threat of infection
     cost
     Knowing what causes the brain of Alzheimer patients
    to fail
     Using light emitting neural prosthetics to replace the
    electrodes used in deep brain stimulation, which
    currently activates or silence a broad range of
    neuron.
     Treatment of Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy and
    depression
     Communication challenges
     Interfacing to molecular communications
     Nanoscale dual stimulation and recording
     Ethical issue

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