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    Carbohydrate

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    Amit Raje Jadhav
    The document defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification, structures, reactions, and examples. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that produce these compounds upon hydrolysis. They provide energy and are converted to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified based on functional groups and number of carbon atoms. The structures of carbohydrates involve isomers such as D and L forms as well as anomers. Carbohydrates undergo reactions like tautomerization, reduction, dehydration, and osazone formation. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, lactose,

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    Carbohydrate

    Uploaded by

    Amit Raje Jadhav
    763 views36 pages
    The document defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification, structures, reactions, and examples. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that produce these compounds upon hydrolysis. They provide energy and are converted to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified based on functional groups and number of carbon atoms. The structures of carbohydrates involve isomers such as D and L forms as well as anomers. Carbohydrates undergo reactions like tautomerization, reduction, dehydration, and osazone formation. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, lactose,

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    The document defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification, structures, reactions, and examples. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that produce these compounds upon hydrolysis. They provide energy and are converted to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified based on functional groups and number of carbon atoms. The structures of carbohydrates involve isomers such as D and L forms as well as anomers. Carbohydrates undergo reactions like tautomerization, reduction, dehydration, and osazone formation. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, lactose,

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    763 views36 pages

    Carbohydrate

    Uploaded by

    Amit Raje Jadhav
    The document defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification, structures, reactions, and examples. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that produce these compounds upon hydrolysis. They provide energy and are converted to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be further classified based on functional groups and number of carbon atoms. The structures of carbohydrates involve isomers such as D and L forms as well as anomers. Carbohydrates undergo reactions like tautomerization, reduction, dehydration, and osazone formation. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, lactose,

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    of 36

    DEFINATION

     CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE DEFINED AS POLYHYDROXY


    ALDEHYDES OR KETONES OR COMPOUNDS WHICH
    PRODUCE THEM ON HYDROLYSIS.
     DURING DIGESTION A AND CELLULAR METABBOLISM,THE
    CARBOHYDRATES ARE CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE WHICH
    PROVIDE ENERGY TO OUR BODY AND WHICH ARE
    FURTHER CONVERTED TO PROTEINS,NUCLEIC
    ACIDS,LIPDS.

     THE GENERAL FORMULA OF CARBOHYDRATE IS Cx(H2O)y.

     THERE ARE SOME COMPOUNDS WHICH SATISFY THE


    FOEMULA BUT ARE NOT CARBOHYDRATES.EXAMPLE:
    ACETIC ACID CH3COOH
     THERE ARE ALSO SOME COMPOUNDS WHICH DO NOT
    SATISFY THE FORMULA BUT ARE CARBOHYDRATE.
    EXAMPLE:DEOXYRIBOSE C5H10O4
    CLASSIFICATION
    D AND L ISOMERS
     D AND L ISOMERS ARE MIRROR IMAGES OF
    EACH OTHER.

     THE SPATIAL OREINTATION OF –H AND –


    OH GROUPS ON THE CARBON ATOM (C 5
    FOR GLUCOSE) THAT IS ADJACENT TO THE
    TERMINAL PRIMARY ALCOHOL CARBON
    DETERMINES WHETHER THE SUGAR IS D
    AND L ISOMER.

     IF THE -OH GROUP IS ON THE RIGHT SIDE,


    THEN THE SUGAR IS OF D SERIS.

     IF THE -OH GROUP IS ON THE LEFT SIDE,


    THEN THE SUGAR IS OF L SERIES.
    ENANTIOMERS
     ENANTIOMERS ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF
    STEREISOMERS THAT ARE MIRROR IMAGES
    OF EACH OTHER.
     THE D AND L SUGAR ARE MIRROR IMAGES
    OF EACH OTHER ARE ENANTIOMERS.
    STREOISOMERISM
     STEREOISOMERISM IS AN IMPORTANT
    CHARACTER OF MONOSACCHARIDES.

     STEREOISOMERS ARE THE COMPOUNDS


    THAT HAVE THE SAME STRUCTURAL
    FORMULAE BUT DIFFER IN THEIR SPATIAL
    CONFIGURATION.

     THE NUMBER OF ASYMMETRIC CARBON


    ATOMS (n) DETERMINES THE POSSIBLE
    ISOMERS OF A GIVEN COMPOUND WHICH
    IS EQUAL TO 2 n

     FOR EXAMPLE :
     GLUCOSE CONTAINS 4 ASYMMERTIC
    CARBONS AND THUS HAS 16 ISOMERS.
    OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF
    SUGARS
    OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF
    SUGARS
     OPTICAL ACTIVITY IS A CHATERISTIC FEATURE OF
    COMPOUNDS WITH ASYMETRIC CARBON ATOM.

     WHEN A BEAM OF POLARIZED LIGHT IS PASSED THROUGH


    A SOLUTION OF AN OPTICAL ISOMER,IT WILL BE ROTATED
    EITHER TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. THE TERM
    DEXTROROTATORY(+) AND LEVOROTATORY(-) ARE USED
    TO COMPOUNDS THAT RESPECTIVELY ROTATES THE
    PLANE OF POLARIZED LIGHT TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT.

     AN OPTICAL ISOMER MAY BE DESIGNATED AS D(+),D(-


    ),L(+),L(-) BAESD ON THE STRUCTURAL RELATION WITH
    GLYCERALDEHYDE.

     RACEMIC MIXTURE : IF D AND L ISOMERS ARE EQUAL IN


    CONCENTRATION IT IS KNOWN AS RACEMIC MIXTURE OR
    DL MIXTURE.
     RACEMIC MIXTURE DOES NOT EXHIBIT OPTICAL ACTIVITY.
     EPIMERS:IF TWO MONOSACHARIDE DIFFER
    FROM EACH OTHER IN THEIR CONFIGURATION
    AROUND A SINGLE CARBON THER ARE
    REFERRED TO AS EPIMERS TO EACH OTHER.
     EXAMPLE GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE ARE
    EPIMERS WITH REGARD TO CARBON 4.THE
    PROCCESS OF CONVERSION GROM GLUCOSE TO
    GALACTOSE AND VICE VERSA IS
    EPIMERIZATION.
    GLYCERALDEHYDE
    SUCROSE
    MUTAROTATION
     THE MUTAROTAION IS DEFINED AS THE CHANGE IN
    THE SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION REPRESENTING THE
    INTERCONVERSION OF α AND β FORMS OF D-GLUCOSE
    TO AN EQULIBRIUM.
     ANOMERS: ANOMERS ARE CYCLIC MONOSACCHARIDES OR
    GLYCOSIDES THAT ARE EPIMERS, DIFFERING FROM EACH
    OTHER IN THE CONFIGURATION OF C-1 IF THEY ARE
    ALDOSES OR IN THE CONFIGURATION AT C-2 IF THEY ARE
    KETOSES.
    MONOSACCHARIDES
     MONOSACCHARIDES (GREEK : MONO –ONE)
    ARE THE SIMPLEST GROUP OF
    CARBOHYDRATES AND ARE ALSO REFERRED
    TO AS SIMPLE SUGARS.

     THEY HAVE THE GENERAL FORMULA Cx(H2O)y

     THEY CANNOT BE FURTHER HYDROLYSED.


     THE ARE DIVIDED ON THE BASIS OF
    FUNCTIONAL GROUPS,NUMBER OF CARBON
    ATOM.
    MONOSACCHARIDE:
    CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
    FUCTIONAL GROUP

    GLYCERAL DI
    DEHYDE HYDROXY
    ACETONE
    MONOSACCHARIDE:
    CLASSIFICATION BASED
    ON THE NUMBER OF
    CARBON ATOMS
     MONOSACCHARIDES ARE REGARDED AS
    TRIOSES (3C)
     TETROSES (4C)
     PENTOSES (5C)
     HEXOSES (6C)
     HEPTOSES (7C)
     FOR EXAMPLE, GLUCOSE IS AN ALDOHEXOSE
     FRUCTOSE IS AN KETOHEXOSE
    REACTIONS
    1.TAUTOMERIZATION OR ENOLIZATION :
    THE PROCESS OF SHIFTING A HYDROGEN ATOM FROM
    CARBON ATOM ANOTHER TO PRODUCE ENEDIOLS IS
    KNOWN AS TAUTOMERIZATION.THIS REACTION
    KNOWN AS THE LOBRY DE BRUYN –VON EKENSTEIN
    TRANSFORMATION.
    REDUCTION
     WHEN TREATED WITH REDUCING AGENTS
    SUCH AS SODIUM AMALGAM,THE
    ALDEHYDE OR KETO GROUP OF
    MONOSACCHARIDE IS REDUCED.
    DEHYDRATION
     WHEN TREATED WITH
    CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID
    ,MONNDOSACCHARIDE UNDERGO
    DEHYDRATION WITH AN
    ELIMINATION OF 3 WATER
    MOLECULES WITH PHENOLIC
    COMPOUNDS(α-NAPTHOL) TO FORM
    COLOURED PRODUCT

     THIS IS THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF THE


    POPULAR MOLISCH TEST.
    OSAZONE FORMATION
     PHENLY HYDRAZINE IN ACETIC ACID,WHEN
    BOILED WITH REDUCING SUGARS , FORMS
    OSAZONES IN A REACTION.
    DISACCHARIDES
     A disaccharide is the
    sugar formed when two
    monosaccharide are
    (α-D-glucosyl(1 joined by glycosidic
    →2) β-D-fructose) linkage. Like
    monosaccharide,
    disaccharides are
    soluble in water.
     Three common
    examples are sucrose,
    (β-D-galactosyl(1 lactose, and maltose.
    →4) β-D-glucose) Disaccharides are one
    of the four chemical
    groupings of
    carbohydrates.

    (α-D-glucosyl(1 →4)
    α-D-glucose
    HAWORTH PROJECTION
    FORMULA RULES
     FOR CARBOHYDRATES OF D SERIES:
    A)IF HYDROXY GROUP IS DOWN,THE CONFIGURATION
    OF ANOMERIC CARBON IS α.
    B)IF HYDROXY GROUP IS UP ,THE CONFIGURATION OF
    ANOMERIC CARBON IS β.

     FOR CARBOHYDRATES OF L SERIES:


    A)IF HYDROXY GROUP IS UP,THE CONFIRGURATION OF
    ANOMERIC CARBON IS α.
    B)IF HYROXY GROUP IS DOWN,THE CONFIRGURATION OF
    ANOMERIC CARBON IS β.
    GLYCOSIDIC
     A glycosidic bond is formed between
    the hemiacetal or hemiketal group of
    a saccharide(or a molecule derived from a
    saccharide) and the hydroxylgroup of some
    compound such as an alcohol.
    OLIGOSACCHARIDES
     An oligosaccharide is a
    saccharide polymer
    containing a small number
    (3-10)of monosaccharides.
    Oligosaccharides can have
    many functions including
    cell recognition and cell
    binding.
     For example, glycolipids
    have an important role in
    the immune response.
    POLYSACCHARIDES
     Polysaccharides are
    polymeric carbohydrate
    molecules composed of long
    chains of monosaccharide
    units bound together by
    glycosidic linkages, and on
    hydrolysis give the
    constituent monosaccharides
    or oligosaccharides. They
    range in structure from linear
    to highly branched.
    HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES

    HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE
    MCQ SECTION!
    ANSWERS FOR MCQ
     1.d
     2.b
     3.b
     4.b
     6.b
     7.d
     8.b
     9.b
    THANK YOU!

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