Chap 2 & 3
Chap 2 & 3
Chap 2 & 3
Prepared By:
Dipanita Saha
Lecturer, IIT
Chapter 2: Encapsulation and Decapsulation
Encapsulation at the Source Host
1. At the application layer, the data to be exchanged is referred to as a
message. A message normally does not contain any header or trailer. The
message is passed to the transport layer.
2. The transport layer takes the message as the payload, the load that the
transport layer should take care of. It adds the transport layer header to the
payload, which contains the identifiers of the source and destination
application programs and
information needed for flow, error control, or congestion control. The result is
the transport-layer packet, which is called the segment (in TCP) and the user
datagram (in UDP).
Each cycle consists of a single arc above the time axis followed by a
single arc below it.
A sine wave can be represented by three parameters:
peak amplitude, frequency, phase.
These three parameters fully describe a sine wave.
Peak Amplitude
The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its highest
intensity, proportional to the energy it carries.
For electric signals, peak amplitude is normally measured in volts.
Period and Frequency
Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to
complete 1 cycle.
Frequency refers to the number of periods in 1 s.
Period is the inverse of frequency, and frequency is the inverse of
period.
Wavelength
Wavelength is another characteristic of a signal traveling through a
transmission medium.
Wavelength binds the period or the frequency of a simple sine wave to
the propagation speed of the medium.