This document discusses a student research project on cognitive radio transmitter sensing using energy detection. The goals of the project are to: 1) measure primary signal energy within a specified duration, 2) design an energy detector that can determine if measured signal energy exceeds a threshold, and 3) implement the detector using locally available parts. The document outlines the methodology which includes designing and simulating an energy detector circuit, fabricating a prototype board, and testing the prototype in real environments to analyze the data. It also provides background information on related work in cognitive radio and spectrum sensing methods like energy detection.
This document discusses a student research project on cognitive radio transmitter sensing using energy detection. The goals of the project are to: 1) measure primary signal energy within a specified duration, 2) design an energy detector that can determine if measured signal energy exceeds a threshold, and 3) implement the detector using locally available parts. The document outlines the methodology which includes designing and simulating an energy detector circuit, fabricating a prototype board, and testing the prototype in real environments to analyze the data. It also provides background information on related work in cognitive radio and spectrum sensing methods like energy detection.
This document discusses a student research project on cognitive radio transmitter sensing using energy detection. The goals of the project are to: 1) measure primary signal energy within a specified duration, 2) design an energy detector that can determine if measured signal energy exceeds a threshold, and 3) implement the detector using locally available parts. The document outlines the methodology which includes designing and simulating an energy detector circuit, fabricating a prototype board, and testing the prototype in real environments to analyze the data. It also provides background information on related work in cognitive radio and spectrum sensing methods like energy detection.
This document discusses a student research project on cognitive radio transmitter sensing using energy detection. The goals of the project are to: 1) measure primary signal energy within a specified duration, 2) design an energy detector that can determine if measured signal energy exceeds a threshold, and 3) implement the detector using locally available parts. The document outlines the methodology which includes designing and simulating an energy detector circuit, fabricating a prototype board, and testing the prototype in real environments to analyze the data. It also provides background information on related work in cognitive radio and spectrum sensing methods like energy detection.
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Cognitive Radio Transmitter Sensing
Using Energy Detection
By Discipulo, Joevaler Entia, Christian Gabisan, Andrick Lacang, Cyrus Palanca, Vianey
Alberto Bañacia, M.Eng.
Adviser Definition of Terms Spectrum - the medium used for wireless communications. White Spaces – a spectrum free of RF interferers except the ambient noise. Spectrum Holes – a band of frequency that is assigned to a primary user but is not currently used. Wi-Fi – is the standard frequency band used for connecting other electrical device wirelessly. WiMAX - is an IP based wireless broadband that provides fixed and mobile internet access. Introduction Cognitive Radio
-is a smart transceiver capable of
sensing spectrum holes and white spaces in the RF spectrum. Four Main Functions of Cognitive Radio
Spectrum Sensing
Spectrum Sharing
Spectrum Management
Spectrum Mobility Spectrum Sensing Methods
Spectrum Sensing Methods
Transmitter Cooperative Detection Detection
Matched Energy Cyclosta- Decision Data
Filter Detection tionary Fusion Fusion Energy Detection - uses the hypothesis that all radio transmission has energy, thus it could detect a primary transmitter that is not currently used. Statement of the Problem •Inefficient use of the radio spectrum. •Parts used for energy detection in not available in our area.
This research aims to:
i. Measure the primary signal energy within a specified duration.
ii. Make a detector that could determine whether or not the measured signal energy is over the pre-determined threshold level. iii. Make an energy detector with locally available parts . Significance of the Study Helps students and other concern individuals to know how Cognitive Radio sensing works.
Helps secondary users who would like to make
use of a white space in order for them to broadcast.
Help future researchers in our area who wish
to study energy detection because they will have initial results from this study. Scope and Limitations Ideally, a Cognitive Radio is able to detect all white spaces in the RF spectrum.
Wi-fi band wiMAX band TV frequency band Related Studies Spectrum Underutilization • It has been found out that the spectrum is inefficiently used [5]. • The IEEE has organized a new working group to find a solution for this problem [8]. • Cognitive Radios were implemented to solve this problem [1]. Related Studies Cognitive Radio • It is a novel approach for improving the utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum [7]. • It’s main purpose is to improve spectrum utilization and efficiency by providing high bandwidth to mobile users [1]. • Sharing of geographically unused TV spectrum on a non-interfering basis [7]. Related Studies Basic Cycle of Cognitive Radio Transmitted Signal Radio Environment
Spectral Bands Spectrum Information RF Decision Spectrum Stimuli Sensing Spectral Bands Information
Channel Spectrum Capacity Analysis Related Studies Unique Properties of Cognitive Radio • Capability • Basic cycle • Reconfigurability • Operating Frequency • Modulation Scheme • Transmission Power • Communication Technology Related Studies Four Main Functions of Cognitive Radio
• Spectrum Sensing • Spectrum Sharing • Spectrum Management • Spectrum Mobility Related Studies Spectrum Sensing Methods • Cooperative Detection • Decision Fusion • Data Fusion • Transmitter Detection • Matched Filter Detection • Cyclostationary or Feature Detection • Energy Detection Related Studies Energy Detection • Senses for a transmitter that is not currently active. • Senses the presence of other Cognitive Radio in the area. • Determine whether or not the measured signal energy is over the pre-determined threshold level. Find the basic block Methodology diagram of the Energy Detector
Find an existing Energy Detector
Implement a prototype for the Energy Detector
Make the prototype
of the Energy Detector
Test the prototype
Analyze the Data
Basic Energy Detector Block Diagram
x(t) Decide Y Band-pass Squaring Threshold H1 or H0 Integrator Filter Device Device
Figure 1 Basic Energy Detector
Finding an Existing Energy Detector
Spectrum LNA Oscilloscope PC Analyzer
Figure 2 Implemented Energy Detector Prototype Block Diagram [4]
Finding an Existing Energy Detector
Mix IF Filter LNA ATT er Amp Amp (RBW)
LO Spectrum Analyzer
Average M Bins Squarer FFT AD Test N times C Statistics
PC Oscilloscope
Figure 3 Expanded View of the Prototype from [4]
Implementing a Prototype Energy Detector
• Design the circuit
• Simulate with SIMULINK in MATLAB
Making the Prototype
• Transfer design to Eagle CAD
• Board layout • Fabrication Testing
• Test the prototype in CBELS
• Will be subjected to a real time environment. • Test in wi-fi, wiMAX, and TV band.
Data Analysis Halfway Deliverables By the end of August, it is expected that the schematic diagram will be done.
By the end of September, the layout for the
schematic diagram will be finished and the board will be fabricated.
By the end of October, the prototype will be
tested. Bibliography [1] H. Sun, “Collaborative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks”, A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Edinburgh, January 2011. [2] Ian F. Akyildiz, W.-Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S. Mohanty, "NeXt Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks: A Survey," Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, September 2006. [3] Cognitive Functionality in Next Generation Wireless Networks. [4] S. Maharjan, K. Po, and J. Takada, “Energy Detector Prototype for Cognitive Radio System,” Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-21-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan. [5] J. Mitola et al., “Cognitive Radios: Making Software Radios more Personal,” IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 4, August 1999. [6] B. Farhang-Boroujeny and R. Kempter, “Multicarrier communication techniques for spectrum sensing and communication in Cognitive Radios,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 80 –85, April 2008. [7] B. Farhang-Boroujeny, “Filter bank spectrum sensing for Cognitive Radios,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1801 –1811, May 2008. [8] IEEE 802.22, URL: www.ieee802.org/22/. Bibliography [9] E. Hossain, D. Niyato, and Z. Han, Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive [10] J. Mitola, “Cognitive Radio: An integrated agent architecture for software defined radio,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Teleinformatics, Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden, 8 May, 2000. [11] Y. Pei, Y.-C. Liang, K. Teh, and K. Li, “How much time is needed for wideband spectrum sensing?” IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 5466 –5471, Nov. 2009. [12] Z. Tian and G. B. Giannakis, “Compressed sensing for wideband Cognitive Radios,” in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 2007, pp. 1357–1360. [13] S. Atapattu, C. Tellambura, and H. Jiang, “Analysis of area under the ROC curve of energy detection,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 9, pp. 1216 – 1225, Mar. 2010. [14] A. Ghasemi and E. Sousa, “Collaborative spectrum sensing for opportunistic access in fading environments,” in Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN 2005), pp. 131 –136, Nov. 2005. [15] C.-X. Wang, H.-H. Chen, X. Hong, and M. Guizani, “Cognitive radio network management: tuning in to real-time conditions,” in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 3, pp. 28–35, Mar. 2008. [16] D. Cabric, S.M.Mishra, and R.W. Brodersen, “Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios,” in Proceedings of Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, vol. 1, pp. 772–776, 2004. Thank You for listening
