The

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
 Inflammation of the pelvic reproductive organs
as a result of bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic
invasion.
 Subsequent infection can ascend to the cervix
(cervicitis) the endometrium (endometritis),
fallopian tubes (salpingitis), and ovaries
(oophoritis).
 The most common cause of PID is sexually
transmitted disease; including gonorrhea and
chlamydia. Streptococcal and staphylococcal
organisms can enter the female reproductive
tract after an abortion or delivery in which sterile
procedures were not carefully followed.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
(continued)
 Symptoms: lower abdominal pain, fever
resulting from the infection, chills, and
leukorrhea, a white, foul-smelling vaginal
discharge.
 Treatment: antibiotics, aspirin, bed rest,
and fluids
 Untreated infections: risk of formation of
abscesses, risk of ectopic pregnancy, and
infertility from adhesions
Puerperal Sepsis
 An infection of the endometrium after
childbirth or an abortion.
 Trauma and blood loss encountered during
delivery provide a portal of entry for
invading microorganisms through the birth
canal.
 Lesions of the endometrium favor bacterial
growth.
 Streptococci are the principal causative
organisms, but staphylococci and E. coli
enter the uterus through a lack of aseptic
technique. Necrosis of the endometrium
develops from the infection.
Puerperal Sepsis (continued)
 Infected blood clots can break loose and
travel as septic emboli.
 Without proper treatment a systemic
infection of the blood, or septicemia, or
thrombophlebitis may result.
 The symptoms of puerperal sepsis are
fever, chills, profuse bleeding, foul-smelling
vaginal discharge, and pain in the lower
abdomen and pelvis.
 Treatment: antimicrobials
Carcinoma of the Cervix
 Carcinoma of the cervix is one of the
cancers most easily diagnosed in the early
stages. Incidence of this malignancy has
decreased significantly since the
development of the Pap smear.
 Carcinoma in situ, a malignant lesion, is
the earliest stage of cancer; the underlying
tissue has not yet been invaded.
 Progression from carcinoma in situ to an
invasive malignancy may be slow.
 Symptoms: ulceration, causing vaginal
discharge and bleeding.
Carcinoma of the Cervix
(continued)
 Cervical cancer may spread to
surrounding organs: vagina, bladder,
rectum, and pelvic wall.
 Widespread cancer becomes inoperable,
and radiation therapy is the usual
treatment.
 Carcinoma of the cervix is strongly
associated with infection by human
papilloma virus. Early sexual activity and
promiscuity are also related to the
incidence of this cancer.
Carcinoma of the Endometrium
 Carcinoma of the endometrium, the lining
of the uterus, occurs most often in
postmenopausal women who have had no
children.
 The malignant tumor may grow into the
cavity of the uterus or invade the wall itself.
 Ulcerations develop, and erosion of blood
vessels causes vaginal bleeding. Surgery
and radiation are the usual treatments.
Leiomyomas
 Benign tumors of the smooth muscle of the
uterus, or fibroid tumors
 The most common tumors of the female
reproductive system and frequently cause
no symptoms.
 Fibroids are often multiple and vary greatly
in size.
 The cause of fibroid tumors is unknown
although their growth is stimulated by
estrogen.
 Symptoms include abnormal bleeding
between periods or excessively heavy
menstrual flow and pelvic pain.
Leiomyomas (continued)
 Fibroid tumors can also interfere with
delivery of the newborn.
 Treatment for fibroid tumors depends on
severity and childbearing plans.
 Myolyosis, a laparoscopic technique, may
be used to knock out the blood vessels of
the tumor, the tumor may be removed
surgically or hysterectomy may be
necessary.
The

Anatomy & Physiology

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
 It is the condition in which
ulcers are formed in the
cervix region. It is
characterized by bright red
and pink spots, around the
cervical opening.

Anatomy & Physiology

 During the beginning of the
disease, patches of mucus
are discarded by the body.
This is then followed up by
different levels of remedial
measures

Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology
The

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
 This is essentially an
inflammation of uterine
cervix. Many mucus glands
are present in this region,
which keep the vagina
lubricated.

Anatomy & Physiology

 Nonetheless, this creates a
conducive environment for
the growth of microbes and
other bacteria. Thus,
infections in the vagina can
be transmitted to the uterine
cervix leading to
inflammation of cervix.

Anatomy & Physiology

The

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 Chlamydia is caused by the
bacterium chlamydia
trachomatis. This bacteria
can infect the cervix in
women and the urethra and
rectum in both men and
women.

Anatomy & Physiology

 Occasionally chlamydia can
also affect other parts of the
body, including the throat
and eyes.
 Chlamydia often has no
symptoms, especially among
women. If left untreated,
chlamydia can cause serious
problems later in life.

Anatomy & Physiology

CHLAMYDIA SYMPTOMS
MALE:
 A white/cloudy and watery
discharge from the penis
that may stain underwear;
A burning sensation
and/or pain when passing
urine;
Pain and swelling in the
testicles.
Anatomy & Physiology
 Men are more likely to
notice chlamydia
symptoms than women,
though they too may be
asymptomatic.

Anatomy & Physiology

 Chlamydia can be transmitted by
having unprotected vaginal, anal
or oral sex with someone who is
infected; from a mother to her
baby during vaginal childbirth; by
transferring the infection on
fingers from the genitals to the
eyes, although it is rare for this to
happen.
Anatomy & Physiology
FEMALE:
An increase in vaginal
discharge caused by an
inflamed cervix;
The need to urinate more
frequently, or pain whilst
passing urine;

Anatomy & Physiology

 Pain during sexual
intercourse or bleeding
after sex;
 Lower abdominal pains;
 Irregular menstrual
bleeding.

Anatomy & Physiology

The

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Genital herpes is caused by
infection with herpes
simplex virus (HSV). There
are two types of HSV, HSV-1
and HSV-2, both of which
belong to a wider group
called Herpesviridae.

Anatomy & Physiology

Another well-known virus in
this group is varicella zoster
virus, which causes chicken-
pox and shingles.

Anatomy & Physiology

SYMPTOMS
If symptoms do occur, they
will usually appear 2 to 7
days after exposure and
last 2 to 4 weeks. Both men
and women may have one
or more symptoms,
including:

Anatomy & Physiology

Itching Or Tingling
Sensations In The Genital
Or Anal Area;
Small Fluid-filled Blisters
That Burst Leaving Small
Painful Sores
Pain When Passing Urine
Over The Open Sores

Anatomy & Physiology

Headaches
Backache
Flu-like Symptoms,
Including Swollen Glands
Or Fever.

Anatomy & Physiology

The

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 Genitalwarts, caused by
some types of HPV (human
papilloma virus), can
appear on the skin
anywhere in the genital
area as white or flesh-
coloured, smooth, small
bumps, or larger, fleshy,

Anatomy & Physiology

 cauliflower-like lumps are
more than 100 different
subtypes of HPV, and
around 30 of them
specifically affect the
genitals.
 Other HPV subtypes cause
warts to grow on different
parts of the body, such as
the hands.
Anatomy & Physiology
The

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 Gonorrhea is a sexually
transmitted infection
caused by the bacterium
Neisseria gonorrheoae.
Gonorrhea affects both men
and women and can infect
the cervix, urethra, rectum,
anus and throat.

Anatomy & Physiology

 Gonorrhea is one of the
most common sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs)
and the global gonorrhea
statistics show that an
estimated 62 million cases
of gonorrhea occur each
year, affecting more women
than men
Anatomy & Physiology
 Gonorrhea is easily curable
but if left untreated it can cause
serious health problems such
as pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID), which can lead to
abdominal pain and ectopic
pregnancy in women.
Untreated, gonorrhea can also
lead to infertility, meningitis
and septicaemia.
Anatomy & Physiology
SYMPTOMS
Male
 A white or yellow discharge
from the penis.
 A burning sensation or pain
whilst passing urine.
 Irritation and/or discharge
from the anus

Anatomy & Physiology

Female
A change in vaginal
discharge; it may appear in
abundance, change to a
yellow or greenish colour,
and develop a strong smell.
A burning sensation or pain
whilst passing urine.
Irritation and/or discharge
from the anus.
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
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The

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 Syphilis is a sexually
transmitted disease (STD)
caused by the bacterium
Treponema pallidium. The
infection is usually sexually
transmitted, in which case it
is called venereal syphilis.

Anatomy & Physiology

 It may also be passed from
an infected mother to her
unborn child, in which case
it is known as congenital
syphilis.

Anatomy & Physiology

The

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 AIDS (acquired immune
deficiency syndrome) is the
final and most serious stage
of HIV disease, which causes
severe damage to the immune
system.

Anatomy & Physiology

SYMPTOMS  Headache
 Weight Loss  Fatigue
 Swollen  General
Lymph Nodes Weakness
 Cold Sweat  Joint Pain
 Unintentional  Muscle Pain
Weight Loss  Chills
 Mouth Lesions  Malaise
 Pain  Night Sweats
 Fever
Anatomy & Physiology
 Double-Vision Disturbance
 Wasting  Shaking Chills
Syndrome  Moist Skin
 Mouth Ulcers  Grand Mal
 Muscle Seizure
Wasting  Hazy Vision
 Visual  Alteration In
Impairment Consciousness
 Diaphoresis
 Visual
Anatomy & Physiology
 Hard to
Awaken
 Feels Hot to
Touch
 Aversion to
Food Or Drink
 Basic Learning
Problem In
Language
 Body Ache
Anatomy & Physiology
The

Anatomy & Physiology

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
 Prostatecancer is a malignant
(cancerous) tumor (growth)
that consists of cells from the
prostate gland. Generally, the
tumor usually grows slowly
and remains confined to the
gland for many years.

Anatomy & Physiology

The

Anatomy & Physiology

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
 Many women who develop
breast cancer have no risk
factors other than age and
sex.
 Gender is the biggest risk
because breast cancer occurs
mostly in women.

Anatomy & Physiology

 Age is another critical factor.
Breast cancer may occur at
any age, though the risk of
breast cancer increases with
age. The average woman at
age 30 years has one chance
in 280 of developing breast
cancer in the next 10 years

Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
The

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 Sexually Transmitted Disease
also known as a Sexually
Transmitted Infection, or
Venereal Disease, is an illness
that has a significant
probability of transmission
between humans by means of
human sexual behavior,
including vaginal intercourse,
oral sex, and anal sex.
Anatomy & Physiology
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