CGE535/545

ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam

1
Transform!!!

2
 Lesson Outcome

At the end of class, students should be able to:

 Explain the concept of ideal transformers and solve
circuits that include transformers.
 Describe the star-delta system, its power generator and
its type.
 Apply the equivalent circuits of real transformers to
determine their regulations and power efficiencies.

3
 Transformers

 Transformers=layer of core+coiled wire.

4
 Overview

 A transformer is a device that converts one AC voltage to another AC voltage

at the same frequency. For home appliances, transformers are the device that
can be used to decrease the voltage from electrical substation for example.
 A transformer can change electrical energy of a given voltage into electrical
energy at a different voltage level.
 It consists of two coils arranged in such a way that the magnetic field
surrounding one coil cuts through the other coil.
 When an alternating voltage is applied to (across) one coil, the varying
magnetic field set up around that coil induces an alternating voltage in the
other coil.
 Transformers will not work with direct current, since no changing magnetic
field is produced, and therefore no current can be induced. 5
TOPIC 1: PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION

6
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

 As mentioned earlier, transformers consist of 2 coil

arranged at layered steel core (soft magnet/low
magnetization with high induction capability).
 The steel core is insulated to avoid corrosion or any
electrical contact. In addition it will reduce the power
loss as a result of eddy current.
 Primary loop/windup is connected to the supply while
secondary loop is connected to the load.
7
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
Core Type

Shell Type

8
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 The primary coil of a transformer is supplied by the voltage source or AC.

 When the current flows in a primary coil, the alternating flux will be
produced in a core.
 If it can reach secondary coil, it will somehow induce the emf at the same
magnitude with the primary coil.
 Therefore, for N1 and N2 numbers of windings/turns in a primary and
secondary coil, several relationship can be established:

𝑉1 𝑁1 𝐼2
= =
𝑉2 𝑁2 𝐼1

9 Turn ratio
a
 STEP UP TRANSFORMERS

 Step up Transformer is a transformer that increases voltage

from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than
primary winding turns).
 In a simple representation:
V2>V1
N2>N1
I2<I1

10
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERS

 On the other hand, Step down Transformer is a transformer that

decreases voltage from primary to secondary (more primary
winding turns than secondary winding turns).
 In a simple representation:
V2<V1
N2<N1
I2>I1

11
 EXAMPLE 1

 A Secondary Coil of a Transformer has 500 windings.

It was supplied with 200 V. How many windings
needed at primary coil to produce:
 100 V
 400 V at load.
 State the types of the transformers.

12 1000,250
 IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
 Zero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents are
confined within the core
 The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
 The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic flux
 Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
13
END OF TOPIC 1

14
TOPIC 2: EFFICIENCY

15
 EFFICIENCY

 Transformer’s Efficiency can be defined as output

power divided by input power whereby the unit of
those should be the same (watt)

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = 𝑥100%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

16
 EFFICIENCY

 Transformers have relatively high efficiency (around

95-98%) due to the low value of loss.
 There are several loss that may affect the
transformer’s efficiency:
 Loss in winding
 Loss in core

17
 EFFICIENCY

TRANSFORMERS
LOSS

Loss in Loss in core

Loss as a result of
winding magnetization effect. Once
de-magnetization occur, it
require aHysteresis
portion of energy to
remove the effect of a
magnetization in a reverse Loss as a result from the
Loss as a result from the
direction. This will result in Eddy
nature of core that also act
resistance in the copper
Copper Loss
winding;
higher temperature in as a conductor
Currentthus induce
transformer core. the current in the core it self.
Pc=I2R

18
 EFFICIENCY

 Since the losses in the transformers have been taken

into account, the efficiency of the transformers can
be termed as follows:
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = 𝑥100%
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟+𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

Whereby transformers losses = copper loss + core losses

19
 EXAMPLE 3

 A transformer has an output power of 500w. It also

has core losses and copper loss of 10W. Determine
the input power and efficiency of the transformer.

20
 EXAMPLE 3

 Input power=output power+losses=500+10=510W

 Efficiencies=(output/input power)x100%
=(500/510)x100%=98%

21
END OF TOPIC 2

22
TOPIC 4: 3-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS

23
 3-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

 The transformers may be inherently 3-phase, having

three primary windings and three secondary windings
mounted on a 3-legged core or even 5 to reduce the
dimension and ease the transportation.
 The same result can be achieved by using three single-
phase transformers connected together to form a 3-
phase transformer bank.
24
3-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

3-legged core & 5-legged core

25
3-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Transformer Bank

26
 3-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

 The primary (input) side of a three-phase transformer

can be connected in a wye or delta configuration.
 The secondary (output) side of a three-phase
transformer can also be connected in a wye or delta
configuration.

27
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
CONNECTION

 Wye-Wye
 Delta-Delta
 Wye-Delta
 Delta-Wye

28
WYE-WYE CONNECTION

29
DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION

30
WYE-DELTA CONNECTION

31
DELTA-WYE CONNECTION

32
 VL1 = V1
 VPh1 = V1
 IPh1 = Rated Current at 2ndary = Power/ VPh2
 IL1 = IPh1
 VL2 = V2
 VPh2 = V2/sq3
 IL2 = IPh1 /sq3
 Iph2 = IL2/2

33
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINE-
PHASE VOLTAGE-CURRENT

34
35
 Example 7

 Three (3) single phase ideal transformers have equal rating

of 5kVA 200 V/ 400V 50 Hz. The primary sides are
connected in delta while the secondary sides are
connected in star. Determine the phase voltage that
should be applied and the corresponding line to line
voltage at the secondary sides. Next, Calculate also the line
and phase current in both primary and secondary sides.
Then, sketch the diagram of the transformer complete
with the information obtained in the above calculation.
36
 Example 7

 Line to line voltage at secondary side => 400,

 So, phase voltage at secondary side => 400/√3=230.94 V

 Rated current in secondary side = 5000/230.94 =21.65 A
 Thus line current in the secondary side= 21.65/√3=12.5 A
 The corresponding line current at the primary
side=21.65/2=10.83 A
37
 Example 7
 Sketch:
 VL1=200V; IL1=10.83 A; VPH1=200V; IPH1=21.65A
 VL2=400V; IL2=12.5 A; VPH2 = 230.94V; IPH2=6.25 A
 HARMONICS

 Harmonics are voltages or currents that operate at

frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental
power frequency. The fundamental frequency is
usually 50 or 60 Hz.
 Many power supplies for computers and office
machines use pulse-width modulation. This can
contribute to harmonic and power quality problems.
39
HARMONICS

Sine wave distortion

caused by
harmonics.

40
THE WAY TO PREVENT HARMONICS

Reduce the neutral current in three-phase systems by balancing the

currents in the phase legs.
Reduce triplen harmonics on the neutral by adding filters.
Avoid shared neutrals and provide a separate neutral for each phase
conductor.
Install larger neutrals, especially on multiphase circuits using a
common neutral.
Derate the load capacity of transformers and consider buying
harmonic-rated transformers.
41
END OF TOPIC 5

42
 TOPIC 6:
AUTOTRANSFORMER

43
44 SOURCES: http://electrical-info.com/auto-transformer/
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

 Auto transformers are a special type, since they have

no electrical isolation between the primary and
secondary windings. A single continuous winding is
wound on a laminated iron core, where part of the
winding is used as the primary, whilst the other part is
used as the secondary, as shown below.

45
AUTO TRANSFORMER

46
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

 These transformers can be used to

either step-up or step-down the applied
voltage, depending on the winding
configuration.

47
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

 In a step-down device, the whole of the winding serves as

the primary winding, whilst the lower half of the winding
serves as the secondary winding. In this case, there are
fewer turns in the secondary than in the primary: so the
voltage is stepped-down, but the current is stepped-up. This
configuration is typically used to power aircraft instruments
where the voltage is stepped down from 115 V 400 Hz to 26
VAC.
48
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

 The disadvantage of this format is that the full

voltage is placed across the load if the coil goes open
circuit, since there is no voltage isolation between the
two windings.

49
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

 Conversely, in a step-up auto transformer, the lower half of

the coil is used as the primary, and the entire coil is used as
the secondary. In this case, the secondary has more turns
than the primary, so the transformer steps-up the voltage
and steps-down the current. On aircraft, this arrangement is
typically used in windshield anti-icing systems.

50
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

 If the output from the auto transformer can be varied via a

moveable tapping, as shown below, it is also known as a
variac and is typically used on the flight deck to control the
intensity of ultra-violet lighting.

51
 Conclusion

 Concept of ideal transformers?

 Efficiencies?
 3-phase transformers
 Autotransformers?

52