PAT 577 Assignment On Diseases of Bajra

PAT 577
ASSIGNMENT ON DISEASES OF BAJRA
Submitted to Submitted by
Dr. Shivangi Kansara Shree Naveena.P
Assistant Professor 2010118127
Dept of Plant Pathology Dept of Entomology
DISEASES OF BAJRA
Major Diseases :
o Ergot
o Downy mildew
o Smut
o Rust
Minor Diseases :
o Twisted top
o Leaf blast
o Leaf spot
o Leaf spot (Bacterial)
o Leaf blotch
o Striga
o Mosaic and streak

ERGOT
Causal organism:
Claviceps microcephala, Claviceps fusiformis
Phylum :Ascomycota
Class : Pyrenomycetes
Order : Hypocreales
Family: Claviceptiaceae
Genus : Sclerospora
Occurrence & Economic importance:
 This disease is reported from many parts of Africa & India.
 In our country, it was first time reported from Maharashtra in 1956 in epiphytotic form.
More severity is due to introduction of new hybrid HB-l, 2.
 It is also found in Delhi, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
 During 1967-68 it has broken out in epiphytotic form affecting most of the newly
introduced hybrid bajara verities in all areas.
 This fungus produces ergotoxin/ergotin (alkaloid), which is poisonous to animals & human
beings.
Symptoms:
 The disease occurs only at the time of flowering.
 Small droplets of a light, honey colored dew like substance exudes from infected spikelets. A
few to many such spikelets may be found in a group which darken with age, and small grayish
or dark brown sclerotia are formed.
 These sclerotia replace the ovary or grain and are about 0.5-1 cm in length 1-2 mm in
diameter, are hard and woody, during harvesting and threshing sclerotia get mixed with grains.
 The fungus attacks the ovary and grows profusely producing masses of hyphae to form the
Sclerotium.
 Small conidiophores on which conidia are produced formed from the hyphae.
 The conidia are hyaline, one celled and lunate.
 The honey dew like droplets in the affected ears are full of conidia.
 The sclerotia germinate in about a month's time producing one or two stripes on which the
asci are produced.
 This sclerotia contain ergotoxin which when consumed in excess quantities is toxic to animal
life.
HONEY DEW LIKE SUBSTANCE SCLEROTIA
Favorable conditions:
 High humidity- spreads rapidly in field through secondary inoculum (60-90

% RH at morning followed by 45-50 % at evening).
 Rain at flowering-favors the disease.
 Cloudy weather, low sunshine during flowering, daily showers, moderate
temp. (28-300 C), air movement during flowering favors the disease
development.
Disease cycle:
 Primary source of infection -sclerotia left in the field during harvesting or

mixed with seed serve as primary source of infection.
 Secondary source of infection -Dissemination begins with the appearance of
honey dew, which contains numerous conidia of pathogen.
 These conidia disseminated by splashing rain, wind, insects and physical
contact.
Management :
 Use certified/clean seed.
 Immerse the seeds in 10 per cent common salt solution and

remove the floating sclerotia.
 Spray with carbendazim 500 g or mancozeb 1.25 kg or ziram 1
kg/ha when 5-10 % of flowers have opened and again at 50 %
flowering stage.
 Long crop rotation
 Repeated deep ploughing reduce sclerotia/ primary source
 Immediately sowing after on set of monsoon.

DOWNY MILDEW
Causal organism: Sclerospora graminicola
Kingdom : Chromista (Stramenopiles)
Phylum : Oomycota
Class : Oomycetes
Order : Peronosporales
Family : Peronosporaceae
Genus : Sclerospora
Occurrence & Economic importance:
 It occurs in many parts of Africa, and in India, It was first reported by Butler
in 1907. From India.
 Losses due to the disease may be as high as 30 per cent in the high yielding
varieties. During 1975, there was severe out break of downy mildew in
Karnataka and Maharashtra causing100 % loss in thousands of hectares
Symptoms:
(a) Seedling Stage
 The infected plants become dwarf because of shortening of the internodes and
excessive tillering.
 Foliage become pale and chlorotic and broad streaks are formed extending from
the base to the tip of the leaf.
 On close examination, downy, dirty white fungal growth is seen on lower surface
of the leaf during rainy & humid seasons.
 The leaves become distorted and later dry up leaf shreds due to formation of
oospores.
(b) Green Ear Head
 Symptoms can seen on ear head.
 Badly infected plants fail to form ears or if formed they are malformed in to
green leafy structures, hence it is known as "green ear disease".
 Mostly the entire ear is transformed into leafy' structure, but some times a part of
ear alone is affected, while other parts produce normal grains.
 As the disease advance, the green leafy structures become brown and dry.
GREEN EAR SYMPTOM:
Favorable condition:
 The disease is more in low lying and poorly drained soil.
 More humidity (90 %) and temp. between 22-25 0C, favoures the disease.
 Presence of water on the leaves.
Disease cycle:
 Primary source of infection seed borne/soil-borne/plant debris. Oospores
remain viable for 1 to 10 years. Primary infection takes place by direct

penetration of root hairs and the coleoptiles by the germ tubes.
 Secondary spread starts form sporangia (zoospores), which are most active
during the rainy seasons. The germ tubes of zoospores enter the leaf stomata
to initiate the infection.
Management:
 Avoidance of low laying and water logging fields for sowing.
 Seed treatment with metalaxyl @ 2.0 g a.i./kg (apron SD 25 % @ 8.0 g/kg)
or metalaxyl-MZ @ 2 g a.i./kg (ridomil MZ- 72 @ 8 g/kg ) followed by two

sprays of metalaxyl- MZ 0.2 % at 25 and 35 days after sowing.
 Rough out infected plants carefully during thinning operation.
 Grow resistant variety GHB-351, GHB-316, NH-179, MH-169,GHB-30,
GHB-32.
 Sow the crop immediately after the onset of monsoon.

Table 1: Treatment table of downy mildew of bajra
Table 2: incidence of downy mildew,ergot and rust of bajra
varieties under field and sick plot condition

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PAT 577

ASSIGNMENT ON DISEASES OF BAJRA

o Leaf spot (Bacterial)

o Mosaic and streak

 This disease is reported from many parts of Africa & India.

 It is also found in Delhi, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

 High humidity- spreads rapidly in field through secondary inoculum (60-90

 Primary source of infection -sclerotia left in the field during harvesting or

 Immerse the seeds in 10 per cent common salt solution and

 Repeated deep ploughing reduce sclerotia/ primary source

 Immediately sowing after on set of monsoon.

 Presence of water on the leaves.

 Primary source of infection seed borne/soil-borne/plant debris. Oospores

remain viable for 1 to 10 years. Primary infection takes place by direct

 Avoidance of low laying and water logging fields for sowing.

 Seed treatment with metalaxyl @ 2.0 g a.i./kg (apron SD 25 % @ 8.0 g/kg)

or metalaxyl-MZ @ 2 g a.i./kg (ridomil MZ- 72 @ 8 g/kg ) followed by two

 Rough out infected plants carefully during thinning operation.

 Grow resistant variety GHB-351, GHB-316, NH-179, MH-169,GHB-30,

 Sow the crop immediately after the onset of monsoon.

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