LIVER

LIVER
LIVER
• The liver is the second largest organ in the human
body (after skin) and the largest gland (weighing an
average of 1500 g; At birth 150 gm)
• It occupies right hypochondrium, upper part of
epigastrium & part of left hypochondrium.
• liver has the general shape of a prism or wedge,
with its base to the right and its apex to the left.
• It is reddish brown in color, soft solid in consistency,
highly vascular, friable to touch and essential for
life.
• This organ plays a major role in metabolism
and has a number of functions in the body,
including glycogen storage, decomposition of
red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis,
hormone production, and detoxification.
• It lies below the diaphragm in the abdominal-

pelvic region of the abdomen. It produces bile,
an alkaline compound which aids in digestion
via the emulsification of lipids.
• The liver's highly specialized tissues regulate a
wide variety of high-volume biochemical
reactions, including the synthesis and
breakdown of small and complex molecules,
many of which are necessary for normal vital
functions.
Liver – presenting parts
Liver presents
• Surfaces:-parietal (includes anterior, superior, posterior
& rt lateral)
-visceral (or inferior)
• Borders:- inferior, postero-superior n postero-inferior
• Lobes: -anatomical & physiological rt & lt lobes,
-caudate & quadrate lobes
• Fissures: figure of H –rt limb includes IVC groove & GB
fossa
- lt limb includes fissure for LV & LT
- horizontal limb formed by Porta hepatis
Anterior surface of Liver
• Is Triangular in outline n subdivided into anatomical right n
left lobes by the attachment of falciform lig. Ant surf
consists of broad right part, narrow left part n intermediate
triangular part
Superior surface of liver
• Is Convex on rt n lt sides n depressed in middle which is
known as Cardiac impression; sup surface is covered with
peritoneum exc a small triangular area on cardiac
impression, due to divergence of 2 layers of falciform lig.
• Rt lateral surface is convex on all sides n covered with
peritoneum
Posterior surface of Liver
• From rt to lt, posterior surface presents:
• Bare area
• Groove for IVC
• Caudate lobe
• Fissure for Ligamentum venosum
• Oesophageal groove
Inferior or visceral surface of liver
• Most of inf surface is covered with peritoneum except 3 areas: fissure for Lig
teres, Porta hepatis & Fossa for GB
• From lt to rt, inf surface presents following features:
• Gastric impression
• Tuber omentale
• Fissure for Lig teres
• Quadrate lobe
• Porta hepatis
• Caudate & papillary process
• Fossa for GB
• Duodenal impression
• Colic impression
• Renal impression
• The visceral surface of liver or inferior surface, is
uneven, concave, directed downward, backward,
and to the left, and is in relation with the stomach
and duodenum, the right colic flexure, and the
right kidney and suprarenal gland. The surface is
almost completely invested by peritoneum; the
only parts devoid of this covering are where the
gall-bladder is attached to the liver, and at the
porta hepatis where the two layers of the lesser
omentum are separated from each other by the
bloodvessels and ducts of the liver.
Lobes
• Anatomical Rt n Lt lobes: are demarcated infront and above by the
attachment of Falciform lig, below n behind by the fissures for lig
teres n venosum. 5/6th of liver is formed by rt lobe n 1/6th by lt
lobe
• Physiological rt n lt lobes: are demarcated by an imaginary line
(cholecysto-venacaval line) which extends along the floor of Fossa
for GB n groove for IVC (line to b contd anterosuperiorly, passing a
ltl to the rt of falciform lig). Supplied respby the rt n lt branches of
Portal vn n Hepatic A
• Caudate lobe: mostly on post surf except processes;
• Quadrate lobe: lies on inf surf n belongs to physiological lt lobe
• Riedel’s lobe: smtmsa tongue-like projection arises from lower
border of Liver as riedel’s lobe n extends below rt costal margin
Ligaments of Liver
• 5 peritoneal folds or false ligaments:
- Falciform lig
- Coronary lig
- Rt triangular lig
- Lt triangular lig
- Lesser omentum
• 2 developmental or True ligaments;
-ligamentum teres
-ligamentum venosum
Blood flow
liver gets a dual blood supply
from hepatic portal vein&
hepatic arteries, supplying
approx 75% of the liver's
blood supply.
hepatic portal vein carries
venous blood drained from
the spleen, GIT, and its
associated organs. The
hepatic arteries supply
arterial blood to the liver,
accounting for the remainder
of its blood flow.
• Oxygen is provided from both sources; approx
half of the liver's oxygen demand is met by
hepatic portal vein, and half is met by the
hepatic arteries. Blood flows through the liver
sinusoids and empties into the central vein of
each lobule. The central veins coalesce into
hepatic veins, which leave the liver
biliary flow
the term biliary tree is derived
from the arboreal branches of
the bile ducts. The bile
produced in the liver is collected
in bile canaliculi which merge to
form bile ducts. Within the liver,
these ducts are called
intrahepatic (within the liver)
bile ducts, and once they exit
the liver they are considered
extrahepatic (outside the liver).
The intrahepatic ducts
eventually drain into the right
and left hepatic ducts, which
merge to form the common
hepatic duct. The cystic duct
from the gallbladder joins with
the common hepatic duct to
form the common bile duct.

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What are the main functions of the liver?

What are the lobes of the liver and how are they defined?

LIVER

• It lies below the diaphragm in the abdominal-

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