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    Principles of Physics

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    Harold Manga
    Sine and cosine represent the x and y components of a point on a rotating wheel rim. They are related through trigonometric identities involving phase shifts of 90 degrees. The document discusses several properties of sinusoidal waves including wavelength, period, frequency, amplitude, phase, and how waves transport kinetic and potential energy through space and time without transporting mass.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Principles of Physics

    Uploaded by

    Harold Manga
    81 views21 pages
    Sine and cosine represent the x and y components of a point on a rotating wheel rim. They are related through trigonometric identities involving phase shifts of 90 degrees. The document discusses several properties of sinusoidal waves including wavelength, period, frequency, amplitude, phase, and how waves transport kinetic and potential energy through space and time without transporting mass.

    Original Description:

    Velocity, Period, Frequency, wavelength

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    Sine and cosine represent the x and y components of a point on a rotating wheel rim. They are related through trigonometric identities involving phase shifts of 90 degrees. The document discusses several properties of sinusoidal waves including wavelength, period, frequency, amplitude, phase, and how waves transport kinetic and potential energy through space and time without transporting mass.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    81 views21 pages

    Principles of Physics

    Uploaded by

    Harold Manga
    Sine and cosine represent the x and y components of a point on a rotating wheel rim. They are related through trigonometric identities involving phase shifts of 90 degrees. The document discusses several properties of sinusoidal waves including wavelength, period, frequency, amplitude, phase, and how waves transport kinetic and potential energy through space and time without transporting mass.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Sine and Cosine are the y and x components of a

    point on the rim of a rotating wheel

    sin( )  cos(90   )  cos((  90 ))   cos(  90 )


    cos( )  sin(90   )  sin((  90 ))   sin(  90 )
    Degree and radians on the unit circle

    Equivalence relation

    360  2 * r
    for unit circle r  1

    360  2
    s (m) = r (m) * θ (radians) arclength = radius * radians
    Periodic Function
    Sinusoidal wave Amplitudes
    Wavelength (meters)
    Wavelength defined between any two
    points on wave that are one cycle apart
    (2*pi radians).

    e.g.,

    •Peaks
    •Zeros crossing
    •Troughs
    •Sin(θ) where θ is an point.

    Wavelength of a sine wave, λ, can be


    measured between any two points with the
    same phase, such as between crests, or
    troughs, or corresponding zero crossings as
    shown.
    Wave Period T (s) and Linear Frequency 1/T (s-1 )

    The period of a wave is the time interval for the wave to complete one cycle (2*pi
    radians). What is this waves period?
    Wave parameters

    T: wave period (s) λ: wave length (m) f=1/T : linear frequency 1 (2π /s-1 or cycles/s)

    Wave Velocity or Speed: v (m/s) = λ/T = λ * f

    Angular wave number: k = 2π/ λ


    Angular frequency: ω = 2π/ T = 2π*f

    Wave solution: u(x,t) = A * sin( k*x – ω *t ) (m)


    Wave snapshot in space and time
    F(x,t) amplitude in space/time

    Wavelength Wave period


    Translation (space or time) of Sinusoidal wave

    Horizontal axis units are radians/2*pi.

    • if f(θ=w*t) = sin( w*t ) = sin( 2π*(t/T) ) >> t=T >> sin(2 π)


    • if f(θ=k*x) = sin( k*x ) = sin( 2π*(x/λ) ) >> x= λ >> sin(2 π)
    Phase of
    sinusoidal wave

    y  sin( x)
    y  sin( x   / 4)
    Three phase power: three
    y  sin( x   )   phase sinusoids phase separated
    by 120⁰.

    sin( )  cos(90   )

    cos( )  sin(90   )

    Phase advance/delay and Unit circle

    f ( )  A *sin( f (  )) Note minus sign in phase argument.

    The red sine phase is behind (negative)

     : initial phase
    the blue line phase; hence, red sin
    function leads the blue sin function.
    Wavefront: where and what is it ?
    Pulse wave versus Sinusoidal wave

    A pulse is a compact disturbance in space/time.

    A sinusoidal wave is NOT compact, it is everywhere in


    space/time.

    A pulse can be ‘built’ up mathematically as a sum of


    sinusoidal waves.
    Superposition of wave pulses

    Which is the space (x) axis and which the time (t) axis?
    Waves move KE/PE energy (not mass) in time
    f ( x, t )  A *sin(k x x   t )

    f (r , t )  A *sin(kr r   t )

    f ( )  A *sin( ),   k x x  

    f ( )  A *sin( ),   kr r  
    Longitudinal (P) vs. Transverse (S) waves: vibration
    versus energy transport direction
    Water and Rayleigh waves particle motions

    •Acoustic medium (water)

    •Prograde circular particle


    motion

    •Elastic medium
    •Rayleigh surface wave

    •Synchronized P-SV
    motions

    •Retrograde Circular
    particle motion
    Two different wavelength waves added Two 1-dimensional wave pulse traveling
    Together: beating phenomena And superimposing their amplitudes
    Huygen’s wavelets: secondary wavefronts propagated to interfere
    constructively and destructively to make new time advanced wavefront
    Standing waves on a string.
    Fixed endpoint don’t move; wave is trapped.
    Harmonic motion: two forces out of phase

    A mechanical wave propagates a


    pulse/sinusoid of KE+PE energy
    because the inertial forces load the
    springs by pushing and pulling on the
    springs which permits the wave
    energy to propagated in time.

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