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    Environmental Control Systems 1 Ventilation

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    Tauseef Ahmad
    Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control factors like temperature, oxygen levels, and airborne contaminants. It can be achieved through mechanical or natural means. Natural ventilation uses wind and temperature differences to induce air flow through openings in a building. It functions to supply fresh air, provide cooling, and transfer heat to or from building materials. Common natural ventilation strategies include single-sided ventilation, cross ventilation using opposing windows, the stack effect of warm air rising, and reverse stack effect. Proper design considering climate, comfort needs, and building structure is important to achieve effective natural ventilation.

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    Environmental Control Systems 1 Ventilation

    Uploaded by

    Tauseef Ahmad
    194 views39 pages
    Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control factors like temperature, oxygen levels, and airborne contaminants. It can be achieved through mechanical or natural means. Natural ventilation uses wind and temperature differences to induce air flow through openings in a building. It functions to supply fresh air, provide cooling, and transfer heat to or from building materials. Common natural ventilation strategies include single-sided ventilation, cross ventilation using opposing windows, the stack effect of warm air rising, and reverse stack effect. Proper design considering climate, comfort needs, and building structure is important to achieve effective natural ventilation.

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    Lec 7-8 Ventilation & Air Movement

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    Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control factors like temperature, oxygen levels, and airborne contaminants. It can be achieved through mechanical or natural means. Natural ventilation uses wind and temperature differences to induce air flow through openings in a building. It functions to supply fresh air, provide cooling, and transfer heat to or from building materials. Common natural ventilation strategies include single-sided ventilation, cross ventilation using opposing windows, the stack effect of warm air rising, and reverse stack effect. Proper design considering climate, comfort needs, and building structure is important to achieve effective natural ventilation.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    194 views39 pages

    Environmental Control Systems 1 Ventilation

    Uploaded by

    Tauseef Ahmad
    Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control factors like temperature, oxygen levels, and airborne contaminants. It can be achieved through mechanical or natural means. Natural ventilation uses wind and temperature differences to induce air flow through openings in a building. It functions to supply fresh air, provide cooling, and transfer heat to or from building materials. Common natural ventilation strategies include single-sided ventilation, cross ventilation using opposing windows, the stack effect of warm air rising, and reverse stack effect. Proper design considering climate, comfort needs, and building structure is important to achieve effective natural ventilation.

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    Environmental Control Systems 1

    Ventilation

    PROF. DR. SYED TAUSEEF AHMAD


    DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING & DESIGN
    UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
    Ventilation
    • Ventilation is the process of "changing" or
    replacing air in any space to provide
    high indoor air quality (i.e. to control
    temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove
    moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne
    bacteria, and carbon dioxide).
    • Ventilation includes both the exchange of air
    to the outside as well as circulation of air
    within the building. It is one of the most
    important factors for maintaining acceptable
    indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for
    ventilating a building may be divided into;
    –  mechanical or forced ventilation
    – natural ventilation.
    Ventilation
    • In any occupied space ventilation is necessary to
    provide oxygen and to remove contaminated air.
    • Fresh air contains about 21% oxygen & 0.04%
    carbon.
    • Expired air contains 16% oxygen & 4% carbon
    dioxide.
    • Ventilation has a great effect on the heat loss from
    buildings.
    • The normal process of breathing gives
    significant quantities of latent heat and
    water vapor to the air.
    • Body odours, bacteria, and the products of
    smoking, cooking, and washing also
    contaminate household air.
    • In places of work, contamination may be
    increased by a variety of gases and dusts.
    Ventilation Rate
    The ventilation rate, for aII buildings, is normally
    expressed by the volumetric flow rate of outside air
    being introduced to the building. The typical units
    used are cubic feet per minute (CFM) or liters per
    second (L/s). The ventilation rate can also be
    expressed on a per person or per unit floor area
    basis, such as CFM/p or CFM/ft², or as air changes
    per hour
    Typical Fresh air-supply rates

    Types of spaces Recommended air-supply


    Residences, offices, Shops 8 liters/s per person
    Restaurants, bars 18 liters/s per person
    Kitchens, domestic toilets 10 liters/s per person
    Natural
    Ventilation
    • Natural Ventilation involves harnessing
    naturally available forces to supply and
    removing air through an enclosed space.
    Need for Natural Ventilation
    • Wide spread use of air-conditioners
    • Very high prices of electricity.
    • Brownouts and load shedding.
    • Air-conditioned buildings become
    intolerable.
    Philosophy Of Natural Ventilation
    • What one is trying to achieve with natural
    ventilation?
    • Design the building and the air paths through
    it to meets those ends.
    • It is necessary to understand in relation to a
    particular building:
    – Reason for using ventilation.
    – Thermal comfort requirements of building occupants.
    – Thermal performance of the building structure.
    – Impact of building form and its openings.
    – Constraints of the local and regional climate.

    Unless all of these aspects are considered at the


    design stage, it is unlikely that a good natural
    ventilation system in a building can be achieved.
    Functions of Natural Ventilation
    • The supply of fresh air
    • Physiological cooling
    • Removing heat from, or adding it to, the
    thermal mass in the building structure
    Types of Natural Ventilation
    • Natural ventilation is driven by the natural forces
    of wind and temperature. It is created by
    pressure differences between inside and outside
    a building and is induced by wind and
    temperature differences.
    – Wind driven ventilation,
    Wind pressure on a building depends on wind
    direction, speed and shape of the building.
    – temperature-driven ventilation,
    Temperature differences between indoors and
    outdoors causes density differences in the air which in
    turn causes pressure differences.
    Reason for the air to flow:
    1. Natural convection currents caused by differences in
    temperature
    2. Differences in pressure
    Ventilation and Buildings
    • There are four main ways in which buildings are
    naturally ventilate:
    • Single sided Ventilation
    • Cross Ventilation
    • Stack Effect
    • Reverse stack Effect
    Cross Ventilation
    Fin walls can
    significantly increase
    ventilation through
    windows on the same
    wall.

    • Poor ventilation
    results from fin walls
    placed on the same side
    of each window or
    when two fins are used
    on each window.
    Stack Effect
    ASSISTED STACK EFFECT
    Reverse Stack Effect
    The End

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