Flow of Sewage
Flow of Sewage
Flow of Sewage
•Collection system
•Disposal works
•Treatment works
Wastewater Treatment
• Municipal wastewater treatment are usually primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment
• Primary treatment consists of removing suspended
solids. Secondary treatment consists of bio-oxidizing
organic suspended and inorganic dissolved solids. A
complete treatment unit of wastewater consists of
screening, grit removal, primary clarifier, activated sludge
treatment and disinfection.
• Tertiary treatment of secondary effluent consists of
providing further treatment to increase the quality of
effluent.
Wastewater Treatment
The coarse solids are removed by screening, while sand and silt are
removed by grit chamber. Sedimentation further removed suspended
solids, and the primary effluents are mixed with the return activated
sludge and then flow to the aeration tank. Bio-oxidation of organic
matter occurs in the aeration tank, and the final clarifier removes the
biological solids, which are returned to mix with the incoming
primary effluent. Effluent from the final clarifier is disinfected. The
sludge and waste activated sludge are further treated to dewatered and
is disposed of in sanitary landfill
TYPES OF SEWEARAGE SYSTEMS
• Separate system:- If storm water is carried
separately from domestic and industrial waste, the
system is called separate system.
• When Favoured:- There is an immediate need for
collection of sanitary sewage but not for storm
sewage.
• Combined system:- A system in which sewer carry
both sanitary as well as storm sewage.
• When favoured:-
• When combined sewage can be disposed off without
treatment
• When both need treatment.
• When streets are narrow and two separate sewerage
TYPES OF SEWEARAGE SYSTEMS
Domestic Wastewater +
Rain Water
Municipal
Street Sewers
INFILTRATION
• It is the water that enters sewer through poor
joints, cracked piped and walls and covers of
manholes. Infiltration is almost non-existent in
dry weather but it will increase during rainy
seasons. In dry season if sewer is below water
table infiltration will take place.
• Infiltration rates > 45 lit/Km of sewers / day / mm dia
(EW Steel)
• WASA: - 225mm – 610mm
• Infilt = 5% of Avg Sewage flow
• > 610 mm = 10% of Avg Sewage flow
SEWAGE FLOW / QUANTITY
Pipe
Purpose:
– To save pipe from settlement in case of
weak soils
– To increase load carrying capacity of pipe
Failed at almost loading three bearer test Failed at greater to then three edge bearing test
L.F = 1.1
Quadrant
L.F = 1.5
Sewer Bedding
If sewers are simply laid by placing the pipe barrel
on the flat trench bottom, the pipe will not be able to
support a load significantly greater than the 3-edge
bearing test.
However, if the bedding touches at least the
“LOWER QUADRANT” of the sewer and back fill
material is carefully temped around the sides of pipe,
the supporting strength of pipe is significantly
increased.
LOAD FACTOR, express this increase in strength
and numerically
L. F = Load carrying capacity / 3-edge strength
Load factor and Beddings
• Various beddings normally used by
PHED and WASA along-with their
load factors are shown below:
Brick Ballast Crushed Stone
1” = 1 ½ “ gauge 3/4” = 1 ½ “ PCC 1:2:4
Backfill (Tamped)
1’
D/4 D/4
D/4
D/4 Min 4”
D/4
L.F = 1.7 L.F = 1.9 L.F = 3
Class C-Bedding Class B-Bedding Class A-Bedding