Water Production and Disposal
Water Production and Disposal
Water Production and Disposal
Max min max Min Max Min Max min max min
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Na 861.0 112.0 800.0 110.00 2673. 1976. 5939. 3674. 3100. 570.0
Ca 128.00 2.70 69.00 5.90 1839.00 13.20 118.70 6.50 100.00 2.50
Mg 23.50 0.20 46.00 1.60 7.77 0.00 39.00 2.88 34.00 1.10
Meq Na 37.45 4.87 34.80 4.78 116.27 85.95 258.34 159.82 134.85 24.79
Meq Ca 6.39 0.13 3.44 0.29 91.77 0.66 5.92 0.32 4.99 0.12
Meq Mg 1.93 0.02 3.79 0.13 0.64 0.00 3.21 0.24 2.80 0.09
SAR 18.36 17.72 18.30 10.37 17.11 149.77 120.90 301.66 68.33 75.57
TREATMENT OF PRODUCED WATER
The first treatment must be to provide oxygen to the waters
collected in the ponds using one of three methods:
I. Spraying. The surface area of the water is increased to absorb
oxygen from the air.
II. Agitating mechanically.
III. Pumping air beneath the water surface.
primary objective of produced of treatment water:
I. transfer oxygen to the water for feeding the growth of
microorganisms that degrade organic matter in the water.
II. The above three methods increase surface areas of water exposed
to air to enhance absorption of oxygen.
III. agitation is supplied to bring bacteria, oxygen, and organic matter
into contact.
Bates, et al. gives the rate of oxygen transfer across the gas and
liquid films of the liquid/air interface
dC/dt = kLa(Cs − C)
WATER DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES
Water disposal techniques are:
I. Well injection if zone with sufficient permeability is available.
II. Discharge into surface stream
III. Land application
IV. Membrane separation
SCALING:
Causes of scaling:
1. Mingling of incompatible water
2. Contact time
3. Temperature change
4. Pressure drop
5. Evaporation
6. pH
7. TDS may cause scale deposition in the formation matrix, fractures,
perforating, well bore, downhole pumps, tubing, casing, flowlines and
water disposal systems.