Business Tool For Sustainability:

 Design for Environment: Product design philosophy that

aims at generating minimum waste during product's
cradle-to-grave life cycle during production, marketing,
distribution, use, and disposal.
 The Design for Environment approach is grounded in
comparing performance, costs, and the risks associated
with alternatives. It uses cleaner technologies substitutes
assessments (CTSAs) and life cycle tools to evaluate the
performance, costs, and environmental and human health
impacts of competing technologies.
 A goal of DfE is to encourage pollution prevention, front-
end, innovations through redesign rather than relying on
end-of-pipe controls to reducing potential risks to human
health and the environment. (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency)
 the dual level of intervention, regarding both
products and processes

 the proactive action of intervention, based on

the presupposition of the greater efficacy of
intervening early in the product development
process (i.e. in the early design phases)
 Reduction of scrap and waste, allowing a more efficient
use of resources and a decrease in the volumes of refuse,
and more generally a reduction in the impact associated
with the management of waste materials
 Optimal management of materials, consisting of the
correct use of materials on the basis of the performance
required, in their recovery at the end of the product’s life
and in the reduction of toxic or polluting materials
 Optimization of production processes, consisting of the
planning of processes which are energetically efficient and
result in limited emissions
 Improvement of the product, with particular regard to its
behavior during the phase of use, to reduce the
consumption of resources or the need for further
additional resources during its operation
 Scoping, consists of defining the target of the
intervention (product, process, resource flow),
identifying possible alternatives, and determining
the depth of analysis
 Data Gathering, consists of acquiring and
evaluating the more significant environmental
data
 Data Translation, consists of transforming the
results from the preliminary analysis data into
tools (from simple guidelines and design
procedures to more sophisticated software
systems assisting the design team to apply
environmental data in the design process)
In practice, the second and third phases are
implemented using two instrument typologies:

 Tools aiding the analysis of the life cycle (Life

Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Cost Analysis),
allowing the acquisition, elaboration and
interpretation of environmental data

 Tools aiding the design or redesign (Product

and Process Design, Design for Use, Design
for End-of-Life, or more generally Design for
X)
 Life cycle approach leads to a fragmentation of
the life cycle according to the main actors:
◦ manufacturer (design, production and distribution);
◦ consumer (use);
◦ third actor, defined on the basis of the product typology
(retirement and disposal).

 the life cycle of a product must include both its

abstract (need recognition and product
conception) and physical dimensions, and extend
the latter to include the phase of product
retirement and disposal.
 Given that the environmental performance of a
product over its entire life cycle is influenced by
interaction between all the actors involved,
 an effective approach to the environmental
problem must be considered in the context of
the entire society, understood as a complex
system of actors including government,
manufacturers, consumers and recyclers.
 This system is also characterized by complex
dynamics, since the various actors interact
through the application of reciprocal pressures,
dependent on political, economic and cultural
factors.
the product-system includes the product, understood as
integral with its life cycle, within the environmental, social
and technological context in which the life cycle evolves
 The primary objective of design activity consists
of translating an idea into a product, and then
the set of needs that this product must satisfy
into detailed design.

 the designer must achieve this transformation

while taking account of an ever greater range of
requisites, not solely functional (time to market,
profitability, reliability, safety, recyclability),
which arise in relation to the diverse life cycle
phases the product must pass through.
 As a design approach, Life Cycle Design is
characterized by three main aspects:
◦ The perspective broadened to include the entire
life cycle;
◦ The assumption that the most effective
interventions are those made in the first phases
of design;
◦ The simultaneity of the operations of analysis and
synthesis on the various aspects of the design
problem.
 Place environmental stewards on every design team to identify design
changes that may reduce environmental impact throughout the product's
life cycle.
 Eliminate the use of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated
diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame-retardants where applicable.
 Reduce the number and types of materials used, and standardize on the
types of plastic resins used.
 Use molded-in colors and finishes instead of paint, coatings or plating
whenever possible.
 Help customers use resources responsibly by minimizing the energy
consumption of HP's printing, imaging and computing products.
 Increase the use of pre-and post-consumer recycled materials in
product packaging.
 Minimize customer waste burdens by using fewer product or packaging
materials overall.
 Design for disassembly and recyclability by implementing solutions such
as the ISO 11469 plastics labeling standard, minimizing the number of
fasteners and the number of tools necessary for disassembly.
 The evaluation of results must be continuous
and distributed throughout all the phases of
the design process.

 To evaluate design alternatives and identify

that best satisfying the environmental
requirements, it is necessary to make use of
suitable tools able to quantify the
environmental performance of the product
under development.
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique that allows
a complete environmental analysis of the whole
product-system, giving an evaluation of the
performance in relation to the entire life cycle

 The life cycle approach was expressly highlighted:

“The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the
product, process, or activity, encompassing
extracting and processing raw materials;
manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use,
reuse, maintenance; recycling and final disposal”.
 Pollution
Prevention

Resource
Conservatio n LCA Economic
System

Sustainable
Development
 Inventory Analysis : Identifies and quantifies
the environmental loads involved; e.g. the
energy and raw materials consumed, the
emissions and wastes generated;
 Impact Analysis :Evaluates the potential
environmental impacts of these loads
 Improvement Analysis :Assesses the options
available for reducing these environmental
impacts.
 Quantitative – all data should be quantified and
documented with suitable quality control
 Replicable-the source of the information and methodology
are sufficiently by skilled person and evidence would be
available to explain any deviations
 Scientific-
 Comprehensive-all significant energy and material uses
and waste releases are included
 Peer reviewed – if the study results are to be used in a
public manner, the should be peer reviewed using acceded
protocols
 Useful – the users of study can make appropriate decisions
in areas covered by the inventory. Any limitations
regarding the utility of study should be clearly notes.
 A product's life cycle can be presented as a
process tree.
 Process inputs can be divided into two kinds:
◦ Inputs of raw materials and energy resources
(environmental input).
◦ Inputs of products, semi-finished products or
energy, which are outputs from other processes
(economic input).

 There are two kinds of outputs:

◦ Outputs of emissions (environmental output).
◦ Outputs of a product, a semi-finished product or
energy (economic output).
Life cycle Environment Impacts
Green Energy Renewable Gas Liquid Recycle Reuse Land fill
House Politant Polutant
Raw
Material
Other
Materias
Packaging
Material
Production
Process
Distribution

Use

Exs Product

Exs
Packaging
 The aim of the bread study was to compare
different scales of production and their potential
environmental effects.

 The study concentrates on energy use and

emissions related to energy use.
The systems investigated include:
 production of inputs to agriculture;
 cultivation of wheat;
 milling;
 baking;
 packaging systems for bread ingredients and bread;
 transportation;
 the consumer phase;
 and waste management.

The impact assessment conducted includes:

 global warming;
 acidification;
 eutrophication
 photo-oxidant formation
 Industrial Bakery 1 with Sweden as the distribution area
(annual production approximately 30,800 tonnes).

 Industrial Bakery 2 with a region as the distribution

area (annual production approximately 12,800 tonnes)

 The local bakery (total annual production is not known)

 Home baking (approximately 2 kg baked at time)

 The product studied is white bread baked in pans. The
recipes differ somewhat between the four baking
scales, with regard to the choice and amounts of
ingredients.

 For each scale, a model system was constructed. Each

of the model systems was divided into sub-systems.

 The functional unit is 1 kg of bread (ready for

consumption at home).
 For the cultivation step, it was assumed that only fertiliser (no
manure) are used.

 The energy use includes the heating of the oven, baking, and
production of steam for the production line, as well as the
electricity used by motors, slicing and packaging machines.

 The water use includes water as an ingredient and water used

for cleaning.

 The process of shopping is smilarly accounted for in the

systems Industry 1, Industry 2 and Home Baking. For the
Local Bakery system, it was assumed that the customers live
nearby (walking distance) or pass on their way home.
The life cycle of bread baked at The life cycle of bread from Industrial
home bakery 1
The use of thermal and electrical energy in systems studied
 Land use for the Use of water in sub-
cultivation of wheat system Food
[m2 per functional processing [litres per
unit] functional unit]
Industrial bakery 1 1.8 1.4
Industrial bakery 2 1.6 0.8
Local bakery 2.1 3.0
Home baking 1.5 12

The land use for cultivation of wheat and the use of water for
milling, baking and cleaning (in bakeries) or washing dishes (at
home).
The potential contributions to global warming, including both direct and indirect
greenhouse gases.
The maximum potential contributions to acidification
 The Industrial Bakery 1 system uses more primary energy and
contributes more to global warming, acidification and eutrophication
than all of the other systems.

 The baking in Industrial Bakery 1 could surely be made as energy

efficient as that in Industrial Bakery 2. The question is whether the
distribution area for Industry 1 is too large.

 The home bakint systems uses more primary energy than Industrial
bakery 2 and local bakery systems.

 Otherwise, the differences between the Industrial bakery 2, local

bakery and home baking systems are too small to be significant.

 The Industry 1 system may have the most remarkable potential to

improve.
 Life cycle costs are defined as the sum of the
economic resources expended, directly or
indirectly attributable to a product, beginning
from its conception and including the phases
of production, use and retirement.

 Life Cycle Cost Analysis is the methodology

used to evaluate all the costs associated with
a product over its entire life cycle.
Product cost

Supplier Cost

Manufacture
Cost

User Cost

Social Cost
 The purpose of an LCCA is to estimate the
overall costs of project alternatives and to
select the design that ensures the facility will
provide the lowest overall cost of ownership
consistent with its quality and function.

 The LCCA should be performed early in the

design process while there is still a chance to
refine the design to ensure a reduction in
life-cycle costs (LCC).
 Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition,
Construction Costs
 Fuel Costs
 Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs
 Replacement Costs
 Residual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or
Disposal Costs
 Finance Charges—Loan Interest Payments
 Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs
LCC = I + Repl — Res + E + W + OM&R + O
LCC = Total LCC in present-value (PV) dollars of a
given alternative

I = PV investment costs (if incurred at base date, they

need not be discounted)
Repl = PV capital replacement costs
Res = PV residual value (resale value, salvage value)
less disposal costs
E = PV of energy costs
W = PV of water costs
OM&R = PV of non-fuel operating, maintenance and
repair costs
O = PV of other costs (e.g., contract costs for ESPCs
or UESCs)