Introduction To Second Order Circuit: Natural Response of RLC Circuit

CHAPTER 9
Introduction to Second
Order Circuit
Natural Response of RLC Circuit

What does Second Order mean?
• Characterized by a second-order
differential equation.
• Consist of resistors and the equivalent of 2

energy storage elements.
Outline
• Initial and Final Values

– Theory
• RL Circuits
• RC Circuits
• Natural RLC Circuit
– Theory
• Series
• Parallel
Thing’s To Remember
• Carefully handle the polarity of voltage v(t).

• Capacitor voltage & inductor current is always
CONTINOUS
υ(0+) = υ(0-) & i(0+) = i(0-)
where
t = 0-(time just before a switching event)
t = 0+(time just after a switching event)
The switching event take place at t=0.
Example
The switch has been closed for a long time. It is open at t=0.
Find;
(a) i(0+), υ(0+)
(b) di(0+)/dt, dυ(0+)/dt
(c) i(∞), υ(∞)
Solution
(a) i(0+), υ(0+)

If the switch closed a long time before t=0, it means that
the circuit has reach dc state at t = 0. At dc steady state, L
acts like s/c, while C acts like an open circuit.
12
i (0  )  i (0  )   2 A,
42
v(0  )  v(0 )  2i(0 )  4V
Solution
For L,
Obtain υL using KVL
The same I flows through L and C

Solution
(c) i(∞), υ(∞)

For t>0, the cct undergo transience. But a t∞, the
circuit reach steady state again. L(s/c) & C(o/c).
i ()  0 A,
v()  12V
The Source-Free Parallel RLC
2nd order differential

equation
The Source-Free Parallel RLC
 Roots,
s1, s2 = natural frequency(Np/s)

ωo = resonant frequency/undamped natural frequency(rad/s)
α = neper frequency/damping factor (Np/s)
A1 & A2
A1  initial value v(0)
Vo dv(0)
 Io  C 0
R dt
dv(0) (V  RI o )
A2   o
dt RC
CASE(3)
Overdamped Case (α > ωo)
Critically Damped Case (α = ωo)
Underdamped Case (α = ωo)
Roots are complex
where
Example
In the parallel circuit below, find v(t) for t>0,
assuming v(0)=5 V, i(0)=0, L = 1 H, and C=10mF.
Consider these cases: R=1.923 Ω, 5 Ω, and 6.25 Ω.
V(t) = -0.208e-2t + 5.208e-50t V

V(t) = (5 – 5t)e-10t V
V(t) = e-8t (5 cos 6t – 6.67 sin 6t) V
Step 1 – Find α and ωo
Therefore, α < ωo (OVERDAMPED)
vt   A1e  A2e

s1t s2t
Step 2 – Find s1 and s2
s1, 2      o  26  262  102

2 2
  26  576  26  24  2 @ 50
s1= - 2 , s2 = - 50
Therefore,
vt   A1e 2t

 A2e 50t
Step 3 For v(t)
Given, v(0)  5,
vt   A1e  2t
 A2 e 50t
At t  0,
v0  A1e  2( 0)  A2 e 50( 0)
A1  A2  5 1
Step 4 For dv(t)/dt
From the circuit,

Vo dv(0)
 Io  C 0
R dt
dv(0) (Vo  RI o ) (5  1.923(0)
   260
dt RC (1.923)(10m)
 260 2
dv(0)
dt
Step 4 For dv(t)/dt
From the equation,

dv(t )
dt

d
dt
 
A1e  2t  A2 e 50t  2 A1e  2t  50 A2 e 50t
At t  0,
 2 A1  50 A2  3
dv(0)
dt
Substitute (2) into (3)

 2 A1  50 A2  2604
Rearrange,
A1  A2  51
 2 A1  50 A2  260 4 
A1  0.208, A2  5.208
Therefore,
vt   0.208e 2t

 5.208e 50t
V
Therefore, α = ωo (CRITICALLY DAMPED)

vt    A1  A2t e t
Step 2 For v(t)
Given, v(0)  5 V,
vt    A1  A2t e t
  A1  A2t e 10t
At t  0,
v0   A1  A2 (0) e 10( 0 )
 A1
A1  5 1
Step 3 For dv(t)/dt
From the circuit,

Vo dv(0)
 Io  C 0
R dt
dv(0) (Vo  RI o ) (5  5(0)
   100
dt RC (5)(10m)
 100  2 
dv(0)
dt
Step 3 For dv(t)/dt
From the equation,

dv(t ) d
dt

dt
 A1  A2t e   A1e 10t  A2te10t 
10t d
dt
 - 10A1  10 A2t  A2 e 10t
At t  0,
 - 10A1  10 A2 (0)  A2 e 10( 0 )  10 A1  A2  3

dv(0)
dt
10 A1  A2  1004
Rearrange,
A1  51
 10 A1  A2  1004
A2  50
Therefore,
vt   5  50t e 10t

V
vt   e t
 A1 cos d t  A2 sin d t 
Therefore, α > ωo (UNDERDAMPED)
Use,
Step 2 – Find ωd
d  o    10  8  6 rad/s
2 2 2 2
Therefore,
vt   e 8t
 A1 cos 6t  A2 sin 6t 
Step 3 For v(t)
Given, v(0)  5,
vt   e 8 t
 A1 cos 6t  A2 sin 6t 
At t  0,
v0  e  A1 cos 6(0)  A2 sin 6(0)
8 ( 0 )
A1  5 1
Step 4 For dv(t)/dt
From the circuit,
Vo dv(0)
 Io  C 0
R dt
dv(0) (Vo  RI o ) (5  6.25(0)
   80
dt RC (6.25)(10m)
 80 2
dv(0)
dt
Step 4 For dv(t)/dt
From the equation,

 e  A1 cos 6t  A2 sin 6t   e A1 cos 6t  e 8t A2 sin 6t 
dv(t ) d 8t d 8 t
dt dt dt
 e 8t  6 A1 sin 6t  8 A1 cos 6t  6 A2 cos 6t  8 A2 sin 6t 
At t  0,
 8 A1  6 A2  3
dv(0)
dt

 8 A1  6 A2  804
Rearrange,
A1  51
 8 A1  6 A2  80 4
A2  6.67
Therefore,
vt   e 8t
5 cos 6t  6.67 sin 6t V
Exercise
Find the voltage across the capacitor as a

function of time for t > 0.
v(t )  2.066e 0.5t sin 1.936t

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CHAPTER 9

Natural Response of RLC Circuit

• Consist of resistors and the equivalent of 2

• Initial and Final Values

• Carefully handle the polarity of voltage v(t).

(a) i(0+), υ(0+)

Obtain υL using KVL

The same I flows through L and C

(c) i(∞), υ(∞)

2nd order differential

s1, s2 = natural frequency(Np/s)

A1  initial value v(0)

Roots are complex

V(t) = -0.208e-2t + 5.208e-50t V

Therefore, α < ωo (OVERDAMPED)

vt   A1e  A2e

s1, 2      o  26  262  102

vt   A1e 2t

From the circuit,

From the equation,

Substitute (2) into (3)

vt   0.208e 2t

Therefore, α = ωo (CRITICALLY DAMPED)

From the circuit,

From the equation,

 - 10A1  10 A2 (0)  A2 e 10( 0 )  10 A1  A2  3

vt   5  50t e 10t

Therefore, α > ωo (UNDERDAMPED)

From the circuit,

From the equation,

Substitute (2) into (3)

Find the voltage across the capacitor as a

v(t )  2.066e 0.5t sin 1.936t

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