In the reaction AlCl3 + Cl- -> AlCl4:
- AlCl3 is the Lewis acid because it accepts an electron pair from Cl- to form a coordinate covalent bond.
- Cl- is the Lewis base because it donates an electron pair to form the bond with AlCl3.
In the Lewis structure of Cl-, there is an unshared pair of electrons on the chlorine atom. This makes chloride the Lewis base since it is donating this pair to form the bond.
In the reaction AlCl3 + Cl- -> AlCl4:
- AlCl3 is the Lewis acid because it accepts an electron pair from Cl- to form a coordinate covalent bond.
- Cl- is the Lewis base because it donates an electron pair to form the bond with AlCl3.
In the Lewis structure of Cl-, there is an unshared pair of electrons on the chlorine atom. This makes chloride the Lewis base since it is donating this pair to form the bond.
Original Description:
An introduction to various theories of acides an bases.
In the reaction AlCl3 + Cl- -> AlCl4:
- AlCl3 is the Lewis acid because it accepts an electron pair from Cl- to form a coordinate covalent bond.
- Cl- is the Lewis base because it donates an electron pair to form the bond with AlCl3.
In the Lewis structure of Cl-, there is an unshared pair of electrons on the chlorine atom. This makes chloride the Lewis base since it is donating this pair to form the bond.
In the reaction AlCl3 + Cl- -> AlCl4:
- AlCl3 is the Lewis acid because it accepts an electron pair from Cl- to form a coordinate covalent bond.
- Cl- is the Lewis base because it donates an electron pair to form the bond with AlCl3.
In the Lewis structure of Cl-, there is an unshared pair of electrons on the chlorine atom. This makes chloride the Lewis base since it is donating this pair to form the bond.
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Acid and Base Theory
APRIL 9, 2019 Properties of Acids and Bases
Acids Both Bases
Sour Taste Aqueous solutions are strong Bitter Taste or weak electrolytes React with Metals to produce Cause indicators to change Do not react with metals H2 colour pH < 7 May be corrosive/caustic pH > 7 Definitions of Acids and Bases
There are three definitions of acids and bases.
Arrhenius (1887) Bronsted-Lowry (1923) Lewis (1923) – More generalized than Bronsted-Lowry theory Arrhenius Theory
Some substances can dissociate, or break up, when dissolved in water
Acids contain Hydrogen, and break up when dissolved in water to yield H+. Bases contain a hydroxide group, and break up to yield OH– in aqueous solution. You can often tell which is an Arrhenius Acid (or Arrhenius Base) by its formula. Arrhenius Theory
A hydrogen atom that can be ‘separated’ from the rest of the molecule is called ionizable Ex: HNO3 has one ionizable hydrogen because it can break up into H+ and NO3- We call this “monoprotic” because it has one removable hydrogen H2SO4 is an example of a diprotic acid. H3PO4 is an example of a triprotic acid. Arrhenius Acids
In an aqueous solution, hydrogen ions are not present. Instead, the
hydrogen ions are joined to water molecules as hydronium ions. Arrhenius Acids
Not all compounds that contain hydrogen are Arrhenius Acids.
Electronegativity: A hydrogen can only be “removed” if it is in a polar bond (attatched to a very electronegative element) If the bond containing the hydrogen is relatively weak, then it is more readily ionized than a stronger bond. Discussion: Arrhenius Acids
Would Methane CH4 be considered an Arrhenius Acid? Why or why not?
Answer
Based on the difference in electronegativity between Carbon and
Hydrogen, the C-H bond is non-polar. Therefore, it is not considered an Arrhenius acid. Arrhenius Bases
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide are example of Arrhenius bases . Arrhenius Bases
Group 1A elements react violently with water to produce a hydroxide and
hydrogen gas. Arrhenius Bases
Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, are
compounds of Group 2A metals. These compounds are not very soluble in water. Their solutions are always very dilute, even when saturated. Bronsted-Lowry Theory
The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions and refer to the concentration of ions. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and ammonia (NH3) act as bases when they form aqueous solutions. (e.g. We see they can turn pH paper blue) However, they don’t contain –OH group, so according to Arrhenius they shouldn’t be bases. In 1923, Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry came up with a new definition:
An acid is a H+ donor; A base is a H+ acceptor
Bronstead Lowry Acids and Bases
This definition includes all Arrhenius Acids, but it can also explain why Ammonia is a base: Bronstead Lowry Acids and Bases
We call Ammonia a “Bronsted-Lowry Base” because it has accepted an
H+ ion We call water (in this case) a Bronsted-Lowry Acid because it donated an H+ to Ammonia Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
This can help to explain some more complicated reactions:
In this case, water acts like an acid!
Conjugate Acids and Bases
In the real world, most reactions are reversible.
𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝑁𝐻4+ + 𝑂𝐻−
In the forward reaction, NH3 accepts a proton from H2O, But in the reverse reaction, it is NH4+ is giving its proton to OH-. Therefore, NH4+ is a proton donor, and a Bronsted-Lowry Acid Similarly, we have 𝑂𝐻 − which accepts a proton, making it a BL Base. NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the base NH3 while OH- is the conjugate base of water. Conjugate Acids and Bases
𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝑁𝐻4+ + 𝑂𝐻 − If we look at this reaction as a whole, there are two acids and two bases. (One on each side of the reaction). A conjugate acid is the ion or molecule formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion. 𝑁𝐻4+ is the conjugate acid 𝑁𝐻3 . A conjugate base is the ion or molecule formed when acid loses a hydrogen ion. 𝑂𝐻 − is the conjugate base 𝐻2 𝑂. Conjugate acids are always paired with a base, and conjugate bases are always paired with an acid. These are called conjugate acid-base pairs. Conjugate Acids and Bases
The ammonia molecule and the ammonium ion are a conjugate acid- base pair. The water molecule and the hydroxide ion are also a conjugate acid- base pair. Conjugate Acids and Bases
In this reaction, HCl is the ________________________ and H2O is the ___________________________.
What is the conjugate base of HCl?
What is the conjugate acide of H2O?
Amphoteric Substances
They can act as either an acid or a base, depending on the conditions.
HCO3− + H3O+ → H2CO3 + H2O Here, the hydrogen carbonate ion acts like a base, accepting the H+ from the hydronium ion HCO3− + OH− → CO32− + H2O
But here, it acts like an acid, losing its hydrogen ion to the hydroxide ion.
Water is the most common amphoteric substance
Finally: Lewis Acids and Bases
A Lewis acid accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
A Lewis base donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
(You should remember Lewis dot diagrams and always look for an UNSHARED pair of electrons. The one with the unshared pair is the base) Lewis Acids and Bases Sample Problem 19.1
NH3 + BF3 -> NH3BF3
Another Question
In the reaction AlCl3 + Cl- -> AlCl4, which is the Lewis acid and which is the Lewis base? (Remember to draw a Lewis structure if you get stuck)
