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    Burns: Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin

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    Ren Pastel
    Burns are tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals. When skin cells are destroyed from burns, the body loses fluids and electrolytes which can lead to dehydration, circulatory shock, and organ failure if not replaced. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, or third degree. First degree burns only damage the epidermis while second degree burns also damage the dermis layer. Third degree burns destroy the entire thickness of skin.

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    Burns: Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin

    Uploaded by

    Ren Pastel
    22 views33 pages
    Burns are tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals. When skin cells are destroyed from burns, the body loses fluids and electrolytes which can lead to dehydration, circulatory shock, and organ failure if not replaced. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, or third degree. First degree burns only damage the epidermis while second degree burns also damage the dermis layer. Third degree burns destroy the entire thickness of skin.

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    Burns

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    Burns are tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals. When skin cells are destroyed from burns, the body loses fluids and electrolytes which can lead to dehydration, circulatory shock, and organ failure if not replaced. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, or third degree. First degree burns only damage the epidermis while second degree burns also damage the dermis layer. Third degree burns destroy the entire thickness of skin.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    22 views33 pages

    Burns: Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin

    Uploaded by

    Ren Pastel
    Burns are tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals. When skin cells are destroyed from burns, the body loses fluids and electrolytes which can lead to dehydration, circulatory shock, and organ failure if not replaced. Burns are classified by depth as first, second, or third degree. First degree burns only damage the epidermis while second degree burns also damage the dermis layer. Third degree burns destroy the entire thickness of skin.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    BURNS

    Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin


    A burn is tissue damage and cell death

    caused by intense heat, electricity,


    ultraviolet radiation (sunburn), or
    certain chemicals (such asacids), which
    denature proteins and cause cell
    DEFINITION death in the affected areas.

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    PATHO-PHYSIO
    OF BURNS
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    PATHO-PHYSIO
    When the skin is burned and its cells
    are destroyed, two life-threatening
    problems result. First, When the skin is
    burned and its cells are destroyed, two
    life-threatening problems result. First,
    the body loses its precious supply of
    fluids containing proteins and
    electrolytes as these seep from the
    burned surfaces.

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    Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance follow and can
    lead to a shutdown of the kidneys and circulatory shock
    (inadequate circulation of blood caused by low blood
    volume). To save the patient, lost fluids must be replaced
    immediately.

    The volume of fluid lost can be estimated indirectly by


    determining how much of the body surface is burned
    (extent of burns), using the rule of nines.

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    Increase tissue perfusion

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    At temperatures greater than 44 °C (111 °F), proteins
    begin losing their three-dimensional shape and start
    breaking down.

    This results in cell and tissue damage. Many of the


    direct health effects of a burn are secondary to
    disruption in the normal functioning of the skin. They
    include disruption of the skin's sensation, ability to
    prevent water loss through evaporation, and ability
    to control body temperature.

    Disruption of cell membranes causes cells to lose


    potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take
    up water and sodium.

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    In large burns (over 30% of the total body surface area),
    there is a significant inflammatory response. This results in
    increased leakage of fluid from the capillaries and
    subsequent tissue edema. This causes overall blood volume
    loss, with the remaining blood suffering significant plasma
    loss, making the blood more concentrated. Poor blood flow
    to organs such as the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract may
    result in renal failure and stomach ulcers.

    Increased levels of catecholamines and cortisol can cause a


    hypermetabolic state that can last for years.[41] This is
    associated with increased cardiac output, metabolism, a
    fast heart rate, and poor immune function

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    Later, infection becomes the most important threat and is
    the leading cause of death in burn victims. Burned skin is
    sterile for about 24 hours.But after that, pathogens (path′o-
    jenz) such as bacteria and fungi easily invade areas where
    the skin has been destroyed and multiply rapidly in the
    nutrient-rich environment of dead tissues.
    To make matters worse, the patient’s immune system
    becomes depressed within one to two days after severe
    burn injury.

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    Burns are classified according to their severity (depth)
    as first-, second-, or third-degree burns (Figure 4.11b).
    In first-degree burns, only the epidermis is damaged.
    The area becomes red andswollen. Except for
    temporary discomfort, first-degree burns are not
    usually serious and generally heal in two to three days
    without any special attention. Sunburn is usually a
    first-degree burn.

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    Superficial burns

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    2ND DEGREE BURNS
    Second-degree burns involve injury to the epidermis and
    the upper region of the dermis. The skin is red and painful,
    and blisters appear. Because sufficient numbers of epithelial
    cells are still present, regrowth (regeneration) of the
    epithelium can occur. Ordinarily, no permanent scars result
    if care is taken to prevent infection. First- and second-
    degree burns are referred to as partial-thickness burns.

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    3RD DEGREE BURNS
    Third-degree burns destroy the entire thickness of the skin,
    so these burns are also called full-thickness burns The
    burned area appears blanched (gray-white) or blackened,
    and because the nerve endings in the area are destroyed,
    the burned area is not painful. In third-degree burns,
    regeneration is not possible, and skin grafting must be done
    to cover the underlying exposed tissues.

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    Deep burns

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    4TH DEGREE BURNS
    Fourth degree burns. Fourth degree
    burns also damage the underlying
    bones, muscles, and tendons. There is
    no sensation in the area since the nerve
    endings are destroyed.

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    summary

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    PSORIASIS
    DEFINITION
    Psoriasis (so-ri′ah-sis). A chronic condition,
    characterized by overproduction of skin cells
    that results in reddened epidermal lesions
    covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn,
    crack, and sometimes bleed.

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    When severe, psoriasis may be disfiguring. It is
    believed to be an autoimmune disorder in
    which the immune system attacks a person’s
    own tissues. Attacks are often triggered by
    trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress.

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