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    Series of Real Numbers

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    zak
    The document defines series of real numbers and discusses: - The definition of a convergent series as one where the sequence of partial sums converges to a limit. - Examples of convergent series including the harmonic series ∑1/n and ∑1/n^2. - Conditions for absolute convergence of a series. - The alternating geometric series ∑(−1)^n+1/2n as an example of an absolutely convergent series.

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    Series of Real Numbers

    Uploaded by

    zak
    24 views10 pages
    The document defines series of real numbers and discusses: - The definition of a convergent series as one where the sequence of partial sums converges to a limit. - Examples of convergent series including the harmonic series ∑1/n and ∑1/n^2. - Conditions for absolute convergence of a series. - The alternating geometric series ∑(−1)^n+1/2n as an example of an absolutely convergent series.

    Original Description:

    BUE Series

    Original Title

    Lec 3 Series

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    The document defines series of real numbers and discusses: - The definition of a convergent series as one where the sequence of partial sums converges to a limit. - Examples of convergent series including the harmonic series ∑1/n and ∑1/n^2. - Conditions for absolute convergence of a series. - The alternating geometric series ∑(−1)^n+1/2n as an example of an absolutely convergent series.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    24 views10 pages

    Series of Real Numbers

    Uploaded by

    zak
    The document defines series of real numbers and discusses: - The definition of a convergent series as one where the sequence of partial sums converges to a limit. - Examples of convergent series including the harmonic series ∑1/n and ∑1/n^2. - Conditions for absolute convergence of a series. - The alternating geometric series ∑(−1)^n+1/2n as an example of an absolutely convergent series.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Series of real numbers

    Definition:


    A series
    n 1
    an  a1  a2  a3  a4  ....
    is a pair of sequences
    { {an }n=1 ; {Sn}n=1}
    satisfying
    Sn=ni=1 ai or an = Sn – Sn-1
    an is called the general term and Sn is
    called the nth partial sum.
    Definition:
    A series n=1 an is called convergent if
    the sequence {Sn} of its partial sums
    converges to a certain limit S.
    Limn → Sn = S
    We write
    n=1 an = S
    Remarks:
    The general term an is the difference
    an = Sn – Sn-1
    In fact we have,
    Sn – Sn-1 =(a1 + a2 + a3 + …. + an-1+an) –
    - (a1 + a2 + a3 + ….+an-1)= an
    The remainder is
    S -Sn =(a1 + a2 + a3 + …. +an+….)-
    -(a1 + a2 + a3 + ….+ an) =
    =(an+1 + an+2 + an+3 + ….…….)

     1
    Example: The series n 1 2 n

    • Consider the following table

    an … … 0
    ½ ¼ 1 1
    8 16
    Sn ½ ¾ 7 15 … … 1
    8 16
    • We get,
    1  1  1  1  1  1  1
    2 4 8 16 32 64
    Rate of convergence to zero of the
    general term
    • Comparison between the sequences
    M M M M M M
    M        
    2 4 8 16 32 64


    M 1
    1 1 1 1
       
    1

    2 4 8 16 32 64
    1
       2M convergent

    __________
    __________
    __________
    __________
    __________
    m m m m m m m
    m  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  ... 


    m 1
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
           ...  m    
    2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    divergent
    1 1 1 1 1 1
    1       convergent
    2 4 8 16 32 64
    __________
    __________
    __________
    __________
    __________
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  ... divergent

    __________
    __________
    __________
    __________
    _________
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    1  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  ... convergent
    2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    __________
    __________
    __________
    __________
    __________
    __
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    1  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  ... convergent
    2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    • The series  
    n=1 1/n is divergent
     1 1  (1  1 )  ( 1  1  1  1) 
      1 
    2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    n 1 n
    1 1
     (   )  1
    9 10 16
    1 1 1
     (    )  (   )  1
    17 32 31 64
     1 1  2  4  8  16 )  32  
    2 4 8 16 32 64
    1 1
     1     1
    2 2 2

     1
    The series n 1 n 2
    is convergent.
     1 1 1 1 1 1 1
      1 ( 2  2 )  ( 2  2  2  2 ) 
    2 2 3 4 5 6 7
    n 1 n
     ( 12  12    1 2 ) 
    8 9 15
    1 1
     ( 2  2  2 )  1
    16 17 31
     ( 1 2   1 2 )  
    32 63
    2 4 8 16 32
     1 2  2  2  2  2   
    2 4 8 16 32
    1
     1        2
    1 1 1 1
    2 4 8 16 32
    Alternating series
    Definition: A series
     
    n=1 an
    Is called absolutely convergent if the series
     
    n=1 lanl is convergent.


     ( 1) n1
    Example: the geometric series
    n 1 2n
    is absolutely convergent

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