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    CHONDRICHTHYES

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    Fitriyani 2012
    Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fishes that include sharks, rays, and chimaeras. They have movable jaws, paired appendages, tough skin covered in placoid scales, and a skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone. Most are predators with teeth adapted for catching prey. They have a two-chambered heart and respiratory, digestive, reproductive, sensory and other organ systems suited for life in water. Reproduction can involve laying eggs, retaining eggs internally, or giving live birth depending on the species.

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    CHONDRICHTHYES

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    Fitriyani 2012
    89 views61 pages
    Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fishes that include sharks, rays, and chimaeras. They have movable jaws, paired appendages, tough skin covered in placoid scales, and a skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone. Most are predators with teeth adapted for catching prey. They have a two-chambered heart and respiratory, digestive, reproductive, sensory and other organ systems suited for life in water. Reproduction can involve laying eggs, retaining eggs internally, or giving live birth depending on the species.

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    Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fishes that include sharks, rays, and chimaeras. They have movable jaws, paired appendages, tough skin covered in placoid scales, and a skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone. Most are predators with teeth adapted for catching prey. They have a two-chambered heart and respiratory, digestive, reproductive, sensory and other organ systems suited for life in water. Reproduction can involve laying eggs, retaining eggs internally, or giving live birth depending on the species.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    89 views61 pages

    CHONDRICHTHYES

    Uploaded by

    Fitriyani 2012
    Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fishes that include sharks, rays, and chimaeras. They have movable jaws, paired appendages, tough skin covered in placoid scales, and a skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone. Most are predators with teeth adapted for catching prey. They have a two-chambered heart and respiratory, digestive, reproductive, sensory and other organ systems suited for life in water. Reproduction can involve laying eggs, retaining eggs internally, or giving live birth depending on the species.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 61

    CLASS

    CHONDRICHTHYES:
    CARTILAGINOUS FISHES
    CHONDRICHTHYES
    • Gr, chondros = cartilage, ichtys =fish
    • Lowest living vertebrate
    • Movable jaws, paired apendages
    • All predator
    CHARACTERISTICS
    • Skin tough, covered with minute placoid
    scales, Having many mucous glands; median
    and paired fins present, pelvic fins with
    claspers in males, heterocercal tail.
    • Mouth ventral,with enamel-caped teeth;
    nostrils two (or one), not connected with
    mouth cavity; both lower and upper jaws
    present; intestine with spiral valve
    CHARACTERISTICS (Cont…)
    • Skeleton cartilaginous, no true bone; cranium
    joined by paired sense capsules; notochord
    persistent;
    • Heart two-chambered (one atrium, one
    ventricle), with sinus venosus and conus
    arterious, contains only venous blood; several
    pairs of aortic arches; some veins expanded as
    sinuses; red blood cells nucleated and oval
    CHARACTERISTICS (Cont…)
    • Respiration by gills attached to opposing walls
    of five to seven pairs of gill pouches, each
    pouche with a separate slitlike opening; no
    swim bladder.
    • Ten pairs of cranial nerves; each “ear” with
    three semicircular canals.
    • Excretion by mesonephric kidneys; urea chief
    nitrogenious waste.
    CHARACTERISTICS (Cont…)
    • Body temperature variable (ectothermal)
    • Sexes separate; gonnads typically paired;
    reproductive ducts discharge into cloaca;
    fertilization internal; oviparous or viviparous;
    eggs large with much yolk, segmentation
    meroblastic; no embryonic membrane;
    development direct, no metamorphosis
    External features
    • Head is bluntly pointed
    • Two dorsal fins
    • Caudal fin
    • Two pairs of lateral fins : pectoral and
    pelvic.
    • Mature shark : clasper (copulation)
    • Anal fin (Mustelus)
    • The tail is heterocercal
    • On the head, there are two nostrils and
    the wide mouth,
    • The eyes are lateral and without lids
    (cover)
    Caudal fins
    Size
    • Dogfishes (Squalus) grow to 1 m
    • >> under 2.5 meter
    • White shark : Charcarodon carc harias :
    6 meter
    • Basking shark (Cetorinus maximus) : 12
    meter
    • Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) : 18
    meter
    BODY COVERING
    • The gray colored skin is evenly covered with
    diagonal rows of minute placoid scales, each
    with a backward pointing spine covered by
    enamel and a basal plate of dentine in the
    dermis
    Placoid Scales
    • These scales point
    towards the tail
    and helps to
    reduce friction
    from surrounding
    water when the
    shark swims
    Shark Anatomy
    Skeleton
    • The entire skeleton is cartilage
    • The axial parts are the chondocranium,
    visceral skeleton, and segmented
    column
    • The chondocranium is made up (1)
    cranium housing the brain and (2)
    paired capsules for olfactory, optic, and
    auditory organs.
    Skeleton (cont…)
    • The visceral skeleton consists of the
    jaws, hyoid arches, and five pairs of
    branachial arches supporting the gills
    region.
    • The upper jaws is not united to the
    brain case
    Skeleton (cont…)
    • The appencicular skeleton includes (1)
    U-shaped pectoral girdle supporting the
    pectoral fins (2) the flatter pelvic girdle
    to which the pelvic fins attach, and (3)
    the many small jointed cartilages within
    and supporting each lateral fin.
    Digestive System
    • The mouth is margined with transverse
    rows of sharply teeth.
    • Replacement teeth develop continuosly
    in rows behind the functional teeth and
    move-forward to replace those lost.
    • A flat tonguelike adheres (attached) to
    the floor of the mouth
    • On the sides of the wide pharynx are openings leading to
    the separate gill slits
    • The short esophagus leads to the J-shaped stomach
    which ends at a circular sphincter muscle (pyloric valve)
    • The intestine follows and connects directly to the cloaca
    and anus
    • The intestine : spiral valve, covered with mucous
    membrane
    • The liver is two log lobes, attached at the anterior end of
    the body cavity.
    • Stomach, intestine, and other internal organs
    lie in the large body cavity.
    • It is lined with a smooth glistening membrane
    (peritoneum) which covers organ.
    Reproductive System
    • Sex are separate
    • In the male, sperm develop in two long
    testes
    • The female reproductive system has two
    large ovaries (sometime fused)
    Shark Reproduction
    • Male claspers are inserted into female cloaca
    for internal fertilization
    • Ovoviviparous 90%
    • Viviparous (Great whites)
    • Oviparous
    Female Reproductive Anatomy
    Male Reproductive Anatomy
    Chondrichthyes Reproduction
    • oviparous (laying eggs that hatch outside
    the mother's body)

    • ovoviviparous (brooding eggs that hatch


    within the mother's body, and then
    releasing the young)

    • viviparous (young develop within a uterus


    inside the mother's body, and are
    nourished (feed) prior to birth via a
    connection with the mother's bloodstream
    (placenta).
    Cat Shark Egg
    Oviparous
    Porbeagle embryo viviparous

    Dogfish Shark embryos


    Ovoviviparous
    Respiratory system
    • Benthic shark :Water >>> branchial pouches
    contraction >>> expelled the gill slits
    • Pelagic species : use ram-jet method
    swimming with mouth and gills open, to
    maintain a flow of water over the gills
    (discharges CO2, absorbs O2).
    Sense Organs
    • Two nostrils (olfactory sacs) sluiced by
    oncoming water and serve the sense of smell
    for dissolved materials
    • The pharynx contains scattered taste buds
    • The eyes (moved by three pairs of muscles)
    are without lids (cover)
    • The retina contains only rods, adapted for dim
    light
    • The ear seemingly is an organ of balance
    • The lateral line is a fine groove along each site
    of the trunk and tail that contains a slender
    canal (contains sensory hair cells) with many
    small opening to the surface.
    • Within the canal are sensory hair cells
    connecting to branch of the tenth cranial
    nerve.
    • They evidently respond to low frequency
    pressure stimuli in the surronding water --- a
    sort of distant “touch response”.
    • The sensory canals on the head opening by
    pores leads to a small chamber (ampulla of
    Lorenzi) containing an electroreceptor with
    sensory hairs connecting to nerve fibers.
    Shark Senses

    smell hearing lateral line organ vision ampullae of Lorenzini touch and taste
    Lateral Line System
    Classification
    • Class 1. Placodermi, Ordo Rhenanida,
    Arthrodira, Anthiarchi
    • Class 2. Chondrichtyes, Ordo : Cladoselachii,
    Pleuracanthodii, Chlamydoselachiformes,
    Hexanchiformes, squaliformes
    Whale Shark

    Worlds largest fish


    (46 ft long)
    IDENTFICATION
    `

    BANGGA MENJADI
    BANGSA BAHARI

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