Electric Vehicles in New Zealand:

from Passenger to Driver?

Scott Lemon, Dr Allan Miller
New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand

76
million
Tonnes of greenhouse gases
emitted by New Zealand in
2012
New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand
New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand
Electric Vehicles
A shortcut to a greener future or just an expensive dead end?
 1 2 3
Market Policy Environment
Market
1.1 New Zealand Vehicle Fleet
Passenger car ownership per 1000 people for OECD countries

700
Passenger Cars (per 1000 people)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
Israel

Slovenia

USA
Turkey

Estonia

Japan
Canada

France
Spain

Austria
Chile

Sweden
Hungary

Netherlands
Norway

Greece
Germany

Finland

Italy
UK

Iceland
Slovakia

Belgium

Switzerland
Denmark

Ireland

Poland

Luxembourg
Australia
Mexico

South Korea

Czech Republic

New Zealand
Country

2.6
million
Light passenger vehicles
registered in New Zealand
5 th Highest rate of passenger
car ownership in the OECD

600 Passenger cars per 1000

people in New Zealand
1.2 New Zealand Vehicle Market
Sales of new and ex-overseas light passenger vehicles in New Zealand

250
New
New Light Passenger Vehicle Registrations (thousand)

Ex-overseas

200

150

100

50

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
1.3 New Zealand Fleet Composition
Age distribution of passenger vehicles in the New Zealand fleet

250000
Number of Registered Passenger Vehicles

200000

150000

100000

50000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Vehicle Age (years)

13.6 Average age of a light

passenger vehicle in New
years Zealand in 2011
1.4 Electric Vehicles in the Market
Overview of current generation electric vehicles on the market

Model Year Type Body Motor Battery Electric Range Efficiency RRP
(kW) (kWh) (km) (kWh/km) ($)

Mitsubishi i-MiEV 2012 EV 5-door hatchback 47 16 100-160 0.168 (NZ) 59990

Nissan LEAF 2012 EV 5-door hatchback 80 24 115-175 0.189 (NZ) 69600

Holden Volt 2013 PHEV 5-door hatchback 111 24 50-80 0.25 (NZ) 85000

Smart Fortwo ED 2013 EV 2-door coupe 35 17.6 140 0.151 -

Toyota RAV4 EV 2012 EV 4-door SUV 115 35 165 0.27 (US) 49800

Tesla Model S (40kWh) 2012 EV 4-door fastback 175 40 260 0.24 (US) 59900

BMW ActiveE 2012 EV 2-door coupe 125 32 160 0.14 -

Toyota Prius PHV 2013 PHEV 5-door hatchback 60 4.4 20 0.27 (US) 32000

Fisker Karma 2012 PHEV 4-door sedan 210 20.1 80 0.40 (US) 102000
1.5 Cost Analysis – Running Costs
Comparison of annual yearly fuel costs for different vehicle types

Type Fuel Consumption Fuel Price (2012) Annual Fuel Cost (2012)
(units/km) $NZD/unit $NZD

Petrol - New 0.074 2.13 1923

Petrol - Old 0.088 2.13 2286

Diesel 0.056 1.52 1038

Hybrid 0.039 2.13 1013

Electric – Peak rate 0.19 0.277 643

Electric – Off-peak rate 0.19 0.15 348

18¢ Per km for an average

petrol vehicle in NZ 4¢ Per km for an average
electric vehicle in NZ

8¢ Per km for an average

hybrid vehicle in NZ
1.6 Cost Analysis
Cumulative cost of owning a petrol, diesel, hybrid and electric vehicle from 2012
1.7 Cost Analysis – Tariffs
Cumulative cost of owning an electric vs. petrol vehicle with off-peak charging
1.8 Electric Vehicle Sales in New Zealand
Annual number of registered electric light passenger vehicles in New Zealand

90

80
No. of Registered Electric LPV in New Zealand

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year
1.9 Electric Vehicle Sales in New Zealand
Annual number of registered electric light passenger vehicles in New Zealand

6000
Projection
MOT
No. of Registered Electric LPV in New Zealand

5000 NZ Target

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Year

Of light passenger vehicles

15% sold in 2025 are to be EVs
(NZ target)
 % of Electric Vehicles in LPV Fleet

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40

Norway

Estonia

Netherlands

Japan

Belgium

USA

Denmark

France

Austria

China

Sweden
Country
Canada

UK
A global comparison of electric vehicle uptake by country

Germany

Ireland
1.10 Electric Vehicle Sales Worldwide

Portugal

Italy

Spain

Australia

New Zealand
Policy and Regulation
2.1 Policy and Regulation
Breakdown of measures available to governments for stimulating EV adoption

Measures

Economic Suasive Regulatory Organisational

 Sales tax  Education  Emission targets  Infrastructure
 Subsidies  Standards &  Vehicle standards  Usage incentives
 Bonus/malus guidelines  Free parking
 Scrappage  HOV lane use
 Annual tax
 Fuel taxation
2.2 Economic Measures – Tax Reduction
Global overview of countries implementing tax reduction measures for EVs

Austria France Israel Switzerland Turkey

Belgium Germany Italy Portugal United
Czech Republic Greece Japan South Korea Kingdom
Denmark India Netherlands Spain United States
Finland Ireland Norway Sweden
2.3 Economic Measures - Subsidies
Global overview of countries implementing direct subsidy measures for EVs

Canada Japan
China Luxembourg
Finland South Korea
India Spain
Ireland United Kingdom
2.4 Economic Measures - Subsidies
Comparison of maximum price subsidy offered and EV uptake rate by country

Country % EVs in Price Offset Country % EVs in Price Offset

LPV Fleet ($USD) LPV Fleet ($USD)

Norway 0.390 20000 Sweden 0.016 600

Estonia 0.140 24000 Canada 0.012 8650

Netherlands 0.093 0 United Kingdom 0.011 8200

Japan 0.047 2700 Germany 0.011 0

Belgium 0.035 12250 Ireland 0.010 8000

USA 0.031 7500 Portugal 0.008 7000

Denmark 0.030 30000 Italy 0.007 0

France 0.026 8000 Spain 0.004 9300

Austria 0.022 0 Australia 0.003 0

China 0.020 8800 New Zealand 0.003 0

2.5 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New Zealand
Viable short-term measures for encouraging EV uptake

Short-term Mid-term Long-term

(2012-2015) (2015-2020) (2020-)
Suasive/regulatory
measures
 Increase consumer
awareness about
importance of fuel
economy
 Tighten fuel economy
standards on imported
vehicles
2.6 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New Zealand
Viable medium-term measures for encouraging EV uptake

Short-term Mid-term Long-term

(2012-2015) (2015-2020) (2020-)
Organisational measures
 Installation of charging
stations
 Requirement for new
homes and car parks to
include provision for EVs
 Renewable energy and
smart grid developments
2.7 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New Zealand
Viable long-term measures for encouraging EV uptake

Short-term Mid-term Long-term

(2012-2015) (2015-2020) (2020-)
Economic measures
 Aim to increase fleet
turnover rate and speed
the transition to a
greener transportation
system
 Scrappage schemes and
decreased taxes/vehicle
charges
Environment
 Average Passenger Vehicle Emissions
(gCO2e/km)

0
50
100
150
200
250
Portugal

2.4
tonnes
France
India
Japan
Italy
Denmark
Belgium
Spain
Slovakia
Poland
Hungary
Switzerland
Czech Republic

in New Zealand annually

Turkey

average passenger vehicle

Of CO2e gas emitted by an
Iceland
Slovenia
Ireland
Netherlands
Austria
Country

UK
Luxembourg
Greece
Finland
Chile
Germany
Sweden
South Korea
Canada
Estonia
3.1 Light Passenger Vehicle GHG Emissions

Israel
Mexico
Russia
Amount of GHG emitted by average light passenger vehicles around the world

China
New Zealand
Australia
USA
 Average Grid Emissions
(gCO2e/kWh)

0
100
200
300
500
600
700
800

400
900
Iceland 1000
Switzerland

74%
Norway
Sweden
France

2012
New Zealand
Austria
Canada
Belgium
Slovakia
Finland
Spain
Portugal
Luxembourg

the New Zealand grid in

Denmark
Hungary

Renewable energy powering

Slovenia
Italy
Netherlands
Country

Chile
Russia
3.2 Average Grid GHG Emissions

Japan

grams
142 Germany
Mexico
Turkey
UK
Ireland
South Korea
Amount of GHG emitted per unit of residential electricity consumed

USA
Czech Republic
Greece
Poland
Israel
Australia
China
Of CO2e gas emitted per
kWh of electricity used by

Estonia
households in New Zealand

India
3.3 Average Vehicle Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions for electric and average fleet vehicles by country

Reduction in average
85% vehicle emissions achievable
by switching to EVs in NZ
3.4 Vehicle Lifetime Emissions
Cumulative GHG emissions for electric and petrol vehicles over their lifespan

35000

Average EV
Cumulative Vehicle CO2e Emissions (kg)

30000
Average ICV

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Year of Ownership

13.1 Tonnes of CO2e produced

manufacturing an EV 6.5 Tonnes of CO2e produced
manufacturing an ICV
3.5 Emission Reduction Potential
Total greenhouse gas emission reduction based on EV market penetration

12%

10%
Reduction in New Zealand's Total

8%
CO2 Emissions (%)

6%

4%

2%

0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

EV Market Penetration (%)

Conclusion
Market
New Zealand’s fleet is old,
inefficient and in need of
change
EVs are currently too
expensive, and the pay-back
period too long despite lower
operational costs
Policy
Tax reductions and price
subsidies are commonly used
worldwide but are too
expensive to justify in New
Zealand
The short-term focus should
be on improving fuel
economy regulations, and
educating consumers
Environment
EVs can achieve considerable
GHG emission reductions in a
green power system like New
Zealand’s
The main focus worldwide
should be increasing the use
of renewable energy and
preparing the grid so that
when the time comes for EVs
we are well-prepared
Questions?