Graph Representations

 Adjacency Matrix
 Adjacency Lists
 Adjacency Multilists

CHAPTER 6 1
Adjacency Matrix
 Let G=(V,E) be a graph with n vertices.
 The adjacency matrix of G is a two-dimensional
n by n array, say adj_mat
 If the edge (vi, vj) is in E(G), adj_mat[i][j]=1
 If there is no such edge in E(G), adj_mat[i][j]=0
 The adjacency matrix for an undirected graph is
symmetric; the adjacency matrix for a digraph
need not be symmetric

2
Examples for Adjacency Matrix
0 0 4
0
2 1 5
1 2
3 6
3 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1    7
  1 0 1 
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0
   0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0
1 0
G2 0 0 1 0 0 0
G1  
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
symmetric 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
 
undirected: n2/2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
directed: n2
G4 3
Merits of Adjacency Matrix
 From the adjacency matrix, to determine the
connection of vertices is easy n 1

 The degree of a vertex is  adj _ mat[i][ j ]

 For a digraph, the row sum is the out_degree,

4
Data Structures for Adjacency Lists
Each row in adjacency matrix is represented as an adjacency list.

#define MAX_VERTICES 50
typedef struct node *node_pointer;
typedef struct node {
int vertex;
struct node *link;
};
node_pointer graph[MAX_VERTICES];
int n=0; /* vertices currently in use
*/
5
 0 0 4
2 1 5
1 2 3 6
3 7
0 1 2 3 0 1 2
1 0 2 3 1 0 3
2 0 1 3 2 0 3
3 0 1 2 3 1 2
G1 0 4 5
5 4 6
0 1 6 5 7
1 0 2 1
7 6
2
G3 G4
2
6
An undirected graph with n vertices and e edges ==> n head nodes and 2e list nodes
 Interesting Operations
degree of a vertex in an undirected graph
–# of nodes in adjacency list
# of edges in a graph
–determined in O(n+e)
out-degree of a vertex in a directed graph
–# of nodes in its adjacency list
in-degree of a vertex in a directed graph
–traverse the whole data structure

7
 Compact Representation
0 4
node[0] … node[n-1]: starting point for vertices
2 1 5 node[n]: n+2e+1
3 6 node[n+1] … node[n+2e]: head node of edge

7
[0] 9 [8] 23 [16] 2
[1] 11 0 [9] 1 4 [17] 5
[2] 13 [10] 2 5 [18] 4
[3] 15 1 [11] 0 [19] 6
[4] 17 [12] 3 6 [20] 5
[5] 18 2 [13] 0 [21] 7
[6] 20 [14] 3 7 [22] 6
[7] 22 3 [15] 1
CHAPTER 6 8
Figure 6.10: Inverse adjacency list for G3

0
0  1 NULL

1 1  0 NULL
2  1 NULL
2

Determine in-degree of a vertex in a fast way.

CHAPTER 6 9
Figure 6.11: Alternate node structure for adjacency lists (p.267)

tail head column link for head row link for tail

CHAPTER 6 10
Figure 6.12: Orthogonal representation for graph G3(p.268)

0 1 2

0 0 1 NULL NULL

1 1 0 NULL 1 2 NULL NULL

0
2 NULL
0 1 0
 
 1 0 1 
0 0 0 1

2
CHAPTER 6 11
Figure 6.13:Alternate order adjacency list for G1 (p.268)
Order is of no significance.
headnodes vertax link

0  3  1  2 NULL

1  2  0  3 NULL

2  3  0  1 NULL

3  2  1  0 NULL

1 2
3 CHAPTER 6 12
 Adjacency Multilists
An edge in an undirected graph is
represented by two nodes in adjacency list
representation.
Adjacency Multilists
–lists in which nodes may be shared among
several lists.
(an edge is shared by two different paths)

marked vertex1 vertex2 path1 path2

CHAPTER 6 13
 Example for Adjacency Multlists
Lists: vertex 0: M1->M2->M3, vertex 1: M1->M4->M5
vertex 2: M2->M4->M6, vertex 3: M3->M5->M6

(1,0)
0 N1 0 1 N2 N4 edge (0,1)
1 (2,0)

2 N2 0 2 N3 N4 edge (0,2)
(3,0)
3 N3 0 3 N5 edge (0,3)
(2,1)

0 N4 1 2 N5 N6 edge (1,2)
(3,1)
N5 1 3 N6 edge (1,3)
1 2 (3,2)
N6 2 3 edge (2,3)
3
six edges
CHAPTER 6 14
 Adjacency Multilists

typedef struct edge *edge_pointer;

marked vertex1 vertex2 path1 path2

CHAPTER 6 15
Some Graph Operations
 Traversal
Given G=(V,E) and vertex v, find all wV,
such that w connects v.
– Depth First Search (DFS)
preorder tree traversal
– Breadth First Search (BFS)
level order tree traversal
 Connected Components
 Spanning Trees
CHAPTER 6 16
*Figure 6.19:Graph G and its adjacency lists (p.274)
depth first search: v0, v1, v3, v7, v4, v5, v2, v6

breadth first search: v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7
CHAPTER 6 17
 Depth First Search
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE 1
short int visited[MAX_VERTICES];
void dfs(int v)
{
node_pointer w;
visited[v]= TRUE;
printf(“%5d”, v);
for (w=graph[v]; w; w=w->link)
if (!visited[w->vertex])
dfs(w->vertex); Data structure
} adjacency list: O(e)
adjacency matrix: O(n2)
CHAPTER 6 18
Breadth First Search
typedef struct queue *queue_pointer;
typedef struct queue {
int vertex;
queue_pointer link;
};
void addq(queue_pointer *,
queue_pointer *, int);
int deleteq(queue_pointer *);

CHAPTER 6 19
Breadth First Search (Continued)
void bfs(int v)
{
node_pointer w;
queue_pointer front, rear;
front = rear = NULL;
adjacency list: O(e)
printf(“%5d”, v); adjacency matrix: O(n2)

visited[v] = TRUE;
addq(&front, &rear, v);

CHAPTER 6 20