Perdev-2 1

MOTIVATION, EMOTION & KNOWLEDGE:
STRESS & HEALTH

PART ONE:
WHAT IS STRESS?
STRESS & HEALTH: THE BASICS
• Stress
• The process by which we perceive & respond to certain
events (known as stressors) that we appraise as
threatening and/or challenging
• Stress is not…
•A simple stimulus or response
•Necessarily a negative thing
TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF STRESS
• Acute Stressors • Chronic Stressors
• Relatively short in • Relatively long in
duration with a clear duration with no
endpoint apparent endpoint
• An encounter with a • Persistent financial
belligerent customer strains
• A major exam • A sick family
member
• An impending natural
disaster • A hostile boss
PART TWO:
TYPES OF
STRESS
STRESS & HEALTH: TYPES OF STRESS
• Frustration
• Occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is
thwarted
• Insignificant (in terms of stress)
• Traffic jam/difficult
commute
• Broken air conditioner
• Significant (in terms of stress)
• Failure and/or loss
• Conflict
• Occurs when two (or more) incompatible motivations or behavioral
impulses compete for expression
• Approach-Approach Conflict
A choice must be made between two attractive goals
• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A choice must be made between two unattractive goals
• Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal
that has both attractive & unattractive aspects
• Life Changes
• Any significant alterations to one’s circumstances that require
readjustment
• Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967)
• Death in the immediate Family (100)
• Divorce (73) or Marital Separation (65)
• Imprisonment (63)
• Personal injury or illness (53)
• Marriage (50)
• Pressure
• Involves expectations or demands that one behave in a
certain way
• Salespeople
• Professors
• Stand-up comedians
• Suburban homeowners
• Teenagers
PART THREE:
STRESS
RESPONSES
PART THREE: TYPES OF STRESS RESPONSE
• Emotional Responses
• Dependent on the stimulus (and one’s personality)…
• Common responses to stress typically occur along
three dimensions of emotion
• (1) Annoyance, anger, rage
• (2) Apprehension, anxiety, fear
• (3) Dejection, sadness, grief
• Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Asserts that there is an optimal level of emotional
arousal for any given task (i.e. coping with stress)
• Physiological Responses
• Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
• A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of
three separate stages
• Alarm
• Resistance
• Exhaustion
• Fight-or-Flight Response
• Behavioral Responses
• Most behavioral responses to stress involve coping
• Active efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by
stress; can be helpful or maladaptive
• Coping Mechanisms
• Learned helplessness
• Self-blame
• Aggression
• Catharsis
• Self-indulgence
• Defense mechanisms
• Constructive Coping
• Healthy efforts to deal with stressful events
• How?
• Direct confrontation of the problem
• Realistic appraisal of the stress &
coping resources
• Learning to recognize, and in some
cases regulate, potentially disruptive
emotional reactions to stress
PART FOUR:
EFFECTS OF
STRESS
STRESS & HEALTH: EFFECTS OF STRESS
• Psychological Effects
• Burnout
• Physical & emotional exhaustion, as well as cynicism
and a lowered sense of self-efficacy
• Generally brought on by work-related stress
• Psychological problems & disorders
• Poor academic performance, sleep disturbances,
sexual difficulties, alcohol & drug abuse, etc.
• Positive effects?
• Resilience
• Successful adaptation to significant stress & trauma
STRESS & HEALTH: EFFECTS OF STRESS
• Physical Effects
• Heart disease
• Specifically coronary heart disease (90% of heart related deaths)
• Emotional reactions & depression also linked to heart disease
• Immune functioning
• Reduced immune activity
• Asthma, cancer, chronic pain, common cold, herpes, IBS,
migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, skin disorders,
ulcers, etc.
STRESS & HEALTH: PERSONALITY FACTORS
PART FIVE
• Type A
• General Characteristics
• Competitive & ambitious
• Time urgency & impatience
• Anger & hostility
• Easily annoyed
• In life…
• Tend to be workaholics
• Often successful, but frequently unsatisfied
• Find it very difficult to relax/to do nothing
• Type B
• Less competitive & driven
• Easygoing & slow to anger
• Relaxed & amicable
• Charismatic
• Type C
• People-pleasers
• Peace-keepers
• Often lonely
• Find it difficult to express
emotions, especially negative
ones
• More prone to..?
• Type D (Hardy Personality)
• These individuals thrive on stress,
rather than succumbing to it
• Different from the traditional
Type A in three key ways…
• Commitment
• Control
• Challenge
• In conclusion…
• If life gives you lemons…
• Type A people get enraged & throw the lemons back, having a minor
heart attack while doing so…
• Type B people gather all of the lemons & make lemonade…
• Type C people don’t say anything, but fume inside where no one can
see…
• Type D people gather the lemons, make lemonade, sell it, turn it into
a franchise business & make millions…
QUIZ IN STRESS (1/4 YP)
1. The process by which we perceive & respond to certain events
2. The classification of stress that is short in duration with a set ending.
3. The type of stress that involves expectations and demands on us.
4. The physiological response to do or not to do the challenge.
5. The type of stress that occurs when the steps to pursuit of our goals
are stopped.
6. Which of the following is not a stress response?
A. Behavioral B. Constructive C. Emotional D. Psychosocial
7. Which of the following is the least stressful life change?
A. Death B. Divorce/Separation C. Illness/Injury D. Marriage
8. Which of the following is not an emotional response to stress?
A. Anxiety B. Elation C. Fear D. Rage
9. Which of the following is not a behavioral coping mechanism?
A. Aggression B. Change C. Defense D. Indulgence
10. Which of the following is NOT an indulgent coping mechanism that may lead to
addiction?
A. Cleaning B. Drinking C. Eating D. Smoking

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MOTIVATION, EMOTION & KNOWLEDGE:

STRESS & HEALTH

1. The process by which we perceive & respond to certain events

2. The classification of stress that is short in duration with a set ending.

3. The type of stress that involves expectations and demands on us.

4. The physiological response to do or not to do the challenge.

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