Introduction

on
Functions
FUNCTIONS
VS
RELATIONS
A "relation" is just a relationship
between sets of information.

A relation is a mapping, or pairing, of

input values with output values.

 The
set of input values is called the
domain.

 Theset of output values is called the

range.
4
 The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule so that each input
corresponds to only one output.

 A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y)

such that no two ordered have the same x-
value but different y-values

In order for a relationship to be a function…

Every input must have an output

Two different inputs can have the

same output
In order for a relationship to be a
function…
EVERY INPUT MUST HAVE AN OUTPUT
TWO DIFFERENT INPUTS CAN HAVE THE
SAME OUTPUT

ONE INPUT CAN HAVE ONLY

ONE OUTPUT
INPUT
(DOMAIN)
Functions
FUNCTION
MACHINE

OUTPUT (RANGE)
In mathematics, what distinguishes a function from a
relation is that each 𝒙 value in a function has one and
only one 𝒚 value.
Relation #1 Relation #2

is not a function
is a function {(1,b),(5,a), (5,c)}
{(1,b),(5,a), (8,b)}
(The same 𝑥 value (5) has 2 different
𝑦 values!)
Domain Range Domain Range

1 a 1 a
5 b
8 b 5 c
 Since relation #1 has ONLY ONE 𝒚 value for each 𝒙 value, this relation is a function.
 On the other hand, relation #2 has TWO distinct 𝒚 values ‘a’ and ‘c’ for the same 𝒙
value of ‘5’. Therefore, relation #2 does not satisfy the definition of mathematical
function.
If we put teachers into the domain and students into the range, we do not have
a function because the same, like Mr. Gino below, has more than 1 student in a
classroom.

Relation
Students
(Range)
Teachers
Amy
(Domain)
Anna
Mr. Gino
Jenny
Mrs. Lopez
Josephine

Daphne

Since the domain (Mr. Gino) repeats, this is not a function.

Mothers and Daughters Analogy
A way to try to understand this concept is to think how mothers and their
daughters could be represented as a function.

Daughters Mothers
(Domain) (Range)
Function
Amy
Mrs. Aquino
Anna

Jenny Mrs. Duterte

Josephine
Mrs. Arroyo
Daphne

{(Amy,Mrs. Aquino), (Anna,Mrs. Aquino), (Jenny,Mrs. Duterte),

(Josephine,Mrs. Duterte), (Daphne,Mrs. Arroyo)}
Domain elements do not repeat, therefore this is a function.
FUNCTIONS ALL AROUND US....

Examples: we observe that one quantity

depends on another.

 your height depends on your age

 the temperature depends on the date

 the cost of mailing a package depends on

its weight
We use the term "FUNCTION" to describe
this dependence of one quantity on another.

 height is a function of age

 temperature is a function of date

 cost
of mailing a package is a function of
weight.
 RELATION FUNCTION

All
ALLfunctions
FUNCTIONSare
ARE relations,
RELATIONS, but not ALL
BUT NOT all
relations
RELATIONS are
ARE functions
FUNCTIONS
COMPARISON
TV Rating for News
Shows Best Selling Automobiles

TV Patrol 30.9% Toyota Corolla

24 Oras 18.8% Honda Civic

Aksyon 2% Toyota Camry

Honda CR-V
 Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule

Domain is the set of all permissible values

of the independent variable
Range is the set of all permissible values of
the dependent variable.
.
Permissible values of a variable
 will not make the denominator zero
 will not make the radicand of even
index negative
Domain and Range
 Suppose, we are given a function from X into Y.

 Recall, for each element x in X there is exactly one

corresponding element y=f(x) in Y.

 This element y=f(x) in Y we call the image of x.

 The domain of a function is the set X. That is a

collection of all possible x-values.

 The range of a function is the set of all images as x

varies throughout the domain.
 Domain of a Function
Generally, the domain is implied to be the set
of all real numbers that yield a real
number functional value (in the range).
Some restrictions to domain:
1. Denominator cannot equal zero (0).
2. Radicand must be greater than or equal to
zero (0).
3. Practical problems may limit domain.
Functions
 Definition Function
A function f from A to B is a relation from A
to B where to each a  A, there
corresponds exactly one b B such
that a, b f .

A function can also be defined as a set of

ordered pairs in which no two ordered
pairs have the same first component but
different second components.
Representations of Functions

 Verbally
 Numerically, i.e. by a table
 Visually, i.e. by a graph
 Algebraically, i.e. by an explicit
formula
SOME EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONS

 Functions as set of  Functions as equations

ordered pairs
f(x) = x2 + 1
f = {(1,1),(3,5),(4,6),(8,9)}
g(x) = 4 - 5x
g = {(1,0),(2,0),(-1,5)}

 Functions as graphs  Functions as table

of values
No. of eggs Price of
(x)x breakfast
(y)
1 P10.00
2 20
P18.00
3 P22.00
Functions
For each relation, determine if it is a function.
r1= {(1,3),(2,5),(3,8),(4,10)} Yes
r2 = {(-1,0),(2,-3),(.5,1),( 2/3,1/2)} Yes
r3 = {(x,y)| y= 2x-5} Yes
r4 = {(x,y)| y= x2} Yes
r5 = {(x,y)| y > x-3} No
 x2 y2 
r6  ( x, y )  1 No
 9 4  21
Vertical Line Test for a Function
A graph defines a function if each vertical line
in the rectangular coordinate system passes
through at most one point on the graph.
(a) y3 – x = 1 (b) y2 – x2 = 9
y
y
3
6

x
x –6 0 6
–3 0 3

–6 22

–3
Vertical Line Test for a Function
Which of the following graphs represent
a function?

x x x x

y y y y

Yes No No Yes
23
Which of the following mapping diagrams
represent functions?

Yes Yes No
24
 TIME TO THINK
1. The following data were collected from members of a
college pre-calculus class.
Is the set of ordered pairs (x,y) a function?
a) x y
Height Weight
72 in. 180 lb
60 in. 204 lb
60 in. 120 lb
63 in. 145 lb
70 in. 184 lb 25
 TIME TO THINK
2. The following data were collected from members of a
college pre-calculus class.
Is the set of ordered pairs (x,y) a function?
b) x y
year of graduation number of graduates
2005 2
2006 12
2007 18
2008 7
2009 1 26
 Functional Notation
Read f(x) = 3x - 4 as “f of x equals three times
x subtract 4.”
x inside parenthesis is the
independent variable.
f outside parenthesis is the
dependent variable.
For the function f(x) = 3x - 4,
f(5) = 3(5) - 4 = 15 - 4 = 11, and
f(-2) = 3(-2) - 4 = - 6 - 4 = -10.
 Function Notation
Suppose you’re given the equation f ( x )  3 x  4 .

We may replace f(x) by y. That is, f(x) =

y which means that the value of the
function is the y value.
What does f 2  10 mean?

The value of f when x = 2 is 10.

29
Interpretation of f(x)

30
Evaluating a function

31
 Evaluating a function
Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5

𝑎. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑓 1.5 = 2 1.5 + 1
𝑓(1.5) = 4

𝑏. 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
2
𝑞(1.5) = 1.5 − 2(1.5) + 2
𝑞(1.5) = 1.25 32
Evaluating a function
Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5

𝑐. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑔(1.5) = 1.5 + 1
𝑔(1.5) = 2.5
2𝑥 + 1
𝑑. 𝑟(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
2(1.5) + 1
𝑟(1.5) =
1.5 − 1 33

𝑟(1.5) = 8
Evaluating a function
𝑒. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
Evaluate the function 𝑓(3𝑥 − 1)

𝑓 3𝑥 − 1 = 2 3𝑥 − 1 + 1
𝑓 3𝑥 − 1 = 6𝑥 − 1

𝑓. 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
Evaluate the function 𝑞(3𝑥 + 3)
2
𝑞(3𝑥 + 3) = 3𝑥 + 3 − 2(3𝑥 + 3) + 2
34

𝑞 3𝑥 + 3 = 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 5
 TIME TO THINK

1. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 . Find the

following values:
𝑎. 𝑓 0
𝑏. 𝑓 3
𝑐. 𝑓 −1
𝑑. 𝑓 𝜋
𝑒. 𝑓 𝑥 + 1
35
 TIME TO THINK
4
2. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = . Find the following
𝑥
values:
𝑎. 𝑓 1
𝑏. 𝑓 2
𝑐. 𝑓 −1
𝑑. 𝑓 2
1
𝑒. 𝑓
𝑥
36