ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

A REPORT ON UNIT – 3

• RELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE

• GEOMETRY OF FORM AND STRUCTURAL FUNCTION
• AESTHITIC THEORIES OF EXPRESSION OF STRUCTURAL FUNCTION IN
ARCHITECTURAL FORM

Proposal by:
Proposal to : K. Tejophani
Er. Sheriff 16C01C4013
s tructure………
Within the context of the built environment, the term
‘structure’ refers to anything that is constructed or built from
different interrelated parts with a fixed location on the
ground.
This includes buildings, but the term structure can also
be used to refer to any body of connected parts that is designed to
bear loads, even if it is not intended to be occupied by people.
Engineers sometimes refer to these as 'non-building ' structures.
Buildings, aircraft, skeletons, anthills, beaver dams and
salt domes are all examples of load-bearing structures. The results of
construction are divided into buildings and non-building structures,
and make up the infrastructure of a human society
A rchitecture …..
The profession of designing buildings, open areas,
communities, and other artificial constructions and
environments, usually with some regard to aesthetic
effect. Architecture often includes design or selection of
furnishings and decorations, supervision of construction
work, and the examination, restoration, or remodeling of
existing buildings. The art or practice of designing and
constructing buildings. The complex or carefully designed
structure of something.
Difference between structure and architecture………

Structural Engineering and Architecture are two different sciences

that are inter-related. Structural Designing deals with the study of
design of steel in a structure i.e., the internal skeleton of the
structure that helps to keep the structure durable, sound and stiff. STRUCTURE
Whereas Architectural Design deals with design of spaces
meant for a particular function. It helps to create ambient
environment that is pleasing to eye. The Architect designs the
building keeping all the functional aspects in mind that are to be
incorporated into the design and then they are executed by a Civil
or Structural Engineer.
Co – relation of architecture and structure……. ARCHITECTURE

•At first, the preliminary layout of the structure is made which is a part of Architectural Design.
•Then the layout of the structure is then handed over to the structural engineer. This layout is useful
in determining the type of the structure to be used, the general size, shape and arrangement of the
various parts of the structure.
•Occupants of the buildings should feel safe with regard to their lives and properties. The safety of
many individuals at one time depends on the structural safety of the structure. The structures are
designed between two limits namely the structural safety and economy.
•The structures and structural members are designed to satisfy three basic principles of design. The
structures should be strong, stable and stiff.
What are geometry of forms or geometry forms…..
Geometric forms are forms that can be constructed using geometry,
such as squares, rectangles, circles, cones, cubes, and so on. Geometric
forms are commonly found in architecture, structural and civil
engineering.
Architectural geometry is an area of research which combines
applied geometry and architecture, which looks at the design, analysis
and manufacture processes.
"Sacred geometry," or "spiritual geometry," is the belief that numbers and
patterns such as the divine ratio have sacred significance. Many mystical
and spiritual practices begin with a fundamental belief in sacred geometry.
Architects and designers may draw upon concepts of sacred geometry
when they choose particular geometric forms to create pleasing, soul-
satisfying spaces.

“ Buckminster fuller is well known for the

Geometric shape form of different types
Dome structure. “
 Another way architects use geometry is by certain
shapes of buildings. Architects must know the
perimeter and area of the shapes to create the
building. Another way architects use geometry is by
using the Pythagorean Theorem for the design and
measurements of building structures.
Architecture could be said to begin with geometry.
Since earliest times, builders relied on imitating
natural forms—like the circular Stonehenge in
Britain—and then applied mathematical principles to
Vitruvian calculations as geometry forms standardize and replicate the forms.

The following examples of geometry in the environment frequently influence architectural design.

• The body
• Gardens Geometry and Architecture ………
• Stones From the pyramids in Egypt to the new World Trade
• The sea Center tower in New York City, great architecture uses the same
• The heavens essential building blocks as your body and all living things. In addition,
• Music the principles of geometry are not confined to great temples and
• The cosmic grid monuments. Geometry shapes all buildings, no matter how humble.
• Theology Believers say that when we recognize geometric principles and build
upon them, we create dwellings that comfort and inspire. Perhaps this is
the idea behind the architect's conscious use of divine proportion like Le
Corbusier did for the United Nations building.
Structural function………

Structural function is an important factor influencing the aesthetics of architectural

Form , to the degree that it expresses strength , structural integrity and the load
Transfer mechanism operating in the structure.

Plastic morphology…….
• The term “plastic morphology” is used to characterize a building
bearing structure, each member of which functions statically in a
different way.
• In contrast, the term “monolithic morphology” is used for a
bearing structure that cannot be analyzed into distinct members-
that is, one whose carrying and carried elements are composed or
many small pieces connected by some kind of compact material.
Frame and skeleton structure…..
• Contemporary frame and skeleton structures are quite different. In these, the post and the beams
are structurally coupled in a manner crucial to statically function.

Frame structure

Skeleton structure
• In frame structures, both vertical and horizontal elements transfer bending moments by virtue of their
fully fixed joints. Vertical and horizontal elements are distinguishable only geometrically; structurally
they are not, because they act as a integral system . In skeleton, were post and beams are articulated,
beams may also act as column stiffening connecting members.
Monolithic and articulated structure…….
Monolithic structure simply means constructing the whole
structure as a single continuous structure. i.e. no connections or
joints are provided between members and whole structure is
ideally constructed at the same time.
A monolithic structure, in the context of sewer
rehabilitation, is a manhole structure built as a single watertight
unit. The component is made such that the end product has no
seams or joints that could cause leaks or degradation.

Articulated structure, in art and architecture, is a

method of styling the joints in the formal elements of
architectural design. Through degrees of articulation,
each part is united with the whole work by means of a
joint in such a way that the joined parts are put together
in styles ranging from exceptionally distinct jointing to the
opposite of high articulation—fluidity and continuity of
joining.1