A full rotation around a

circle is 360 degrees.

In a the Unit circle only certain angles needs
to be remembered.
 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, 150°, 180°,
210°, 225°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 315°, 330°, and
360°!
How can All these certain angles be
memorized!?!
m =tep one: Draw a circle with a cross going
through it.
m =tep two: We have learned
that a circle starts from 0 and
ends at 360, so that can be put at start.
m =tep three: The circle is cut into 4ths , so at the
black dot is ¼ of the angle from the circle is
used. ¼ of 360 is 90. At the blue dot is ½ of the
angle from the circle is used. ½ of 360 is 180.
AT the purple dot is ¾ of the angle from circle
is used. ¾ of 360 is 270.
m =tep four: Lets Just use ¼ of the circle!
90
m =tep five: The red point is
½ of the angle of 90 is 45.
The yellow point is 1/3 of
the angle of 90 is 30. The
green point is 2/3 of the
angle of 90 is 60. 0

m OK! Almost Done with angles!

 90 60
45
30
m =tep =ix: Quadrant 2·s
angles are just reflections

180 0
of Quadrant 1, but plus 360
90 (because it passes 90).

30+90=120 45+90=134
60+90=150 . The same with 270
Quadrant 3, but add 180. 30+180= 210
45+180=225 60+180=240. One more time with
Quadrant 4 using 270! 30+270= 300
45+270=315 60+270=330.
m THAT·= THE DEGREE=! NEXT««
m No need to fret. The radians
of the unit circle are
equivalent to the degrees.
m In a full rotation of a circle
(in radians) equals 2 Ǒ.
m Ǒ/6, Ǒ/4, Ǒ/3, Ǒ/2, 2 Ǒ/3, 3Ǒ/4, Ǒ, 7 Ǒ/6, 5 Ǒ/4,
4 Ǒ/3, 3 Ǒ/2, 5 Ǒ/3, 7 Ǒ/4, 11 Ǒ/6, 2 Ǒ.
m How can ALL those radians be
memorized !?!
m emorizing the Degrees is important in finding
the radians that corresponds to that particular
angle.
m The formula for converting the
angle measurement is: lj°
lj° X(Ǒ/180) radian at lj°
m Example: 30 ° X(Ǒ/180) Ǒ/6
m †ut«if you forget the formula or
m the corresponding angles.. That·s ok
m Just use the technique that was
used for angles.
m =tep one: Draw a circle with a cross going
through it.
m =tep two: We have learned
that a circle starts from 0 and
ends at 2Ǒ, that can be put at start.
m =tep three: The circle is cut into 4th , so at the
black dot is ¼ of the radian from the circle is
used. ¼ of 2Ǒ is Ǒ/2. At the blue dot is ½ of the
radian from the circle is used. ½ of 2Ǒ is Ǒ. At
the purple dot is ¾ of the radian from circle is
used. ¾ of 2Ǒ is 2Ǒ/3.
m =tep four: Lets Just use ¼ of the circle!
Ǒ/2
m =tep five: The red point is
½ of the radian of Ǒ/2 is Ǒ/2.
The yellow point is 1/3 of
the radian of Ǒ/2 is Ǒ/6. The
green point is 2/3 of the
radian of Ǒ/2 is Ǒ/3. 0

m OK! Almost Done with Radians!

 Ǒ/2 Ǒ/3
Ǒ/4

m =tep =ix: Quadrant 2·s Ǒ/6

radians are just reflections

of Quadrant 1, but plus Ǒ 0

2Ǒ
Ǒ/2(because it passes
Ǒ/2 ). Ǒ/6+Ǒ/2=2 Ǒ/3

Ǒ/4+Ǒ/2=3 Ǒ/4 Ǒ/3+Ǒ/2=5Ǒ/6.
The same with Quadrant 3, but 3Ǒ/2 add Ǒ.
Ǒ/6+Ǒ =7 Ǒ/6 Ǒ/4+Ǒ/=5 Ǒ/4 Ǒ/3+Ǒ=4Ǒ/3.
One more time with Quadrant 4 using3Ǒ/2!
Ǒ/6+3Ǒ/2=5 Ǒ/3 Ǒ/4+3Ǒ/2=7 Ǒ/4
Ǒ/3 +3Ǒ/2=11Ǒ/6 .
m THAT·= IT FOR RADIAN=! NEXT«.
m The points might look
a little intimidating at first,
but applying a one unit
radius circle to a graph
makes it much easier.
m (X,Y) coordinates are corresponding points
t on the circumference of
t the circle to the angles
a and radians you just
a learned.
m HOW?!?
m =tep one: Draw a circle with a cross going
through it.
m =tep two: Imagine the
circle (with a radius of
one)on a graph with
the midpoint at (0,0).
m =tep three: That would
make start (1,0), the black dot (0,1), the blue
dot (-1,0), and the purple dot (0,-1).
m =tep four: Lets Just use ¼ of the circle!
m =tep five: memorize the
0,1
numbers.(¥ 3/2) (1/2) (¥ 2/2)
for these are the only other
numbers you need.
m =tep six: On the yellow dot the x
coordinate is the longest out of all
of them, and the largest number
you memorized is (¥ 3/2). The y
1,0
coordinate is the shortest of all of
them, and the smallest number you memorized is
(1/2).The yellow dot·s full coordinate is ((¥ 3/2),(1/2) ). The
red dot·s x and y coordinates are both in the middle, and
the middle you memorized is (¥ 2/2). The red dot·s full
coordinate is ((¥ 2/2), (¥ 2/2)). That also leaves you to
figure that the green dot·s coordinate is ((1/2),(¥ 3/2)).
 (1/2),(¥ 3/2)

0,1
(¥ 2/2), (¥ 2/2)

m =tep seven: Quadrant 2·s (¥ 3/2),(1/2)

coordinates are just mirror

reflections of Quadrant 1, -1,0 1,0

with the exception that
Q2 causes the X coordinates
to become negative.

(-(1/2),(¥ 3/2)) (-(¥ 2/2), (¥ 2/2))
(-(¥ 3/2),-(1/2)). Q3 coordinates
reflect directly from Q2, with the 0,-1
exception that Q3 causes both X and Y coordinates
to be negative. (-(1/2),-(¥ 3/2)) (-(¥ 2/2), -(¥ 2/2)) (-(¥
3/2),-(1/2)). Q4 coordinates reflect directly from Q3,
with the exception that Q4 cause only the Y
coordinate to be negative. ((1/2),-(¥ 3/2)) ((¥ 2/2), -
(¥ 2/2)) ((¥ 3/2),-(1/2)).
A

 1 = radius

Y
Ê


Ê
 

 
 X

Ê 


Ê


Ê



 Ê Ê
Ê  ÊÊ
 
Ê Ê Ê 
 tanlj =Y and Y= Y= sinlj and X=X=coslj
X 1 Remember 1
the radius
 cot lj= X equals one

Y Cotangent is just the Reciprocal

Identity of Tangent which is next
 1 = radius

 Y
X
csclj= 1 sinlj= 1 seclj= 1
sinlj csclj coslj
coslj= 1 cotlj= 1 tanlj= 1
seclj tanlj cotlj
Reciprocal Identities is the inverse of the sign.
 sinlj= Y or Y. vÊ the sign to 1 = csclj = 1 Remember
1 Y sinlj the radius
equals one
coslj=X or X . vÊ the sign to 1 = seclj = 1
1 X coslj
 tanlj= Y. vÊ the sign to X = cotlj= 1
X Y tanlj
 1 = radius
sin²lj+cos²lj =1 1-tan²lj = sec²lj
Y
1+cot²lj =csc ²lj 
No need to fear! Interpret it to the X

Pythagorean theorem. x² + y² = r²
sin²lj= x² and cos²lj= y². =o that fits directly in with the Pythagorean
theorem x² + y² = r². sin²lj+cos²lj =1². 1²= 1
1= 1²= r² and tan²lj= O² . =o rearrange the Pythagorean theorem to
²
r²- y² = r² . 1-tan²lj = sec²lj. sec²lj= r² = 1² = 1
x² x² x² x² x²
 1= 1²= r² and cot²lj= Ò² . Again rearrange the theorem to r²+ x² = r²
O² O² O²
1+cot²lj =csc ²lj. csc ²lj= r² = 1² = 1
O² O² O²
 1 = radius
ǃ
 Y
X
In Degrees
sin(90° lj)=coslj cos(90° lj)=sinlj tan(90° lj)=cotlj
cot(90° lj)=tanlj sec(90° lj)=csc lj csc(90° lj)=seclj
A triangle has 180º. The right angle takes up
half. While 90º remains. NOTICE THE CONNECTION OF THE
The measures of the angles lj LETTERS C & O:
* SINE AND COSINE CO-FUNCTIONS
and ǃ add to 90º.These angles FUNCTIONS
* TANGENT AND COTANGENT CO-

are complementary angles. FUNCTIONS

* SECANT AND COSECANT CO-

 lj+ǃ=90º{ ǃ=90º-lj} or {lj =90º-ǃ} * COMPLEMENTARY

sin lj=cosǃ{ sinlj-cos(90º-lj)} or{ cosǃ-sin(90º-ǃ)}

To make in to radians; just switch 90° with Ǒ/2.
 sin( lj)= sinlj cos( lj)=coslj tan( )= tanlj
csc( lj)= csclj sec( lj)=seclj cot( lj)= cotlj
The easiest way to remember this is:
If the angle is negative then so is the sign
If the angle is positive then so is the sign
««..but does not apply to cosine and secant

>

>
 sin(lj+ǃ)=sinljcosǃ+cosljsinǃ sin(lj ïǃ)=sinljcosǃïcoslj sinǃ
cos(lj+ǃ)=cosljcosǃïsinljsinǃ cos(ljïǃ)=cosljcosǃ+sinljsinǃ
Notice: In the sine formulas, + or ï on the left is also + or ï on the
right. =ine also has a pattern of sin cos cos sin. †ut in the cosine formulas,
+ on the left becomes ï on the right. Cosines pattern is cos cos sin sin
and; and vice-versa.
tan(lj+ǃ)=tan lj+tanǃ tan(lj-ǃ)=tan lj-tanǃ
1-tanljtanǃ 1+tanljtanǃ
Notice: In the tangent formulas, + or on the left is also on the right top,
while the bottom right is not. Also that tangent is the only sign used.
 sin2A=2sinAcosA cos2A=cos²A sin²A
cos2A=1-2sin²A cos2A=2cos²A-1
tan2A= 2tanA
1-tan²A

Ê Ê 


m

m


 
 

  m
 
Ê Ê 


Ê
 

 
Ê Ê 
sin2A=sin(A+A). Use the sine of sums identity sinAcosA+cosAsinA
Which equals 2sinAcosA.
Half angle identities come from the double angle identities.
sin²A=½(1-cos2A) cos²A=½(1+cos2A) tan²A=½(1-cos2A)
(1+cos2A)
take the double angle formula you memorized (cos2A=1-
2sin²A)
change the 2A=a, so it changes to a/2. cosa=1ï2sin2 (ǂ/2)
Leave only sin2 (ǂ/2) to solve for.
Giving us sin²A=½(1-cos2A).

Taking the same steps for cosine and tangent as well.

These or for oblique triangles!! (not right triangles)
†
a = b = c
sinA sin† sinC c a
h
When solving for oblique A C
b
Triangles, at least one side is needed
and two other parts that can be either sides or angles.
PROOF-LAW OF =INE=
sinA= h/c ; h=csinA asinC = csinA
=inc+h/a; h=asinC sinAsinC sinAsinC
asinC=csinA a = c
sinA sinC
m Any two angles and any side!
m =AA or AA= or A=A †

c a
Given:
sinA=60° sin C= 75° A C
b= ¥ 2 b

m<†= 180 °-(60 °+ 75 °)=45 °

a = b a = ¥2 a = ¥2 a= ¥ 3
sinA sin† sin60 sin45 ¥ 2/3 ¥ 3/2
a = c ¥3 = c ¥3= c c=3.549
sinA sinC sin60 sin75 ¥ 2/3 .9659
m Any two angles and any side!
m =AA or AA= or A=A †

c a
Given:
sinA=58° sin †= 64° A C
c= 12 b

m<C= 180 °-(58 °+ 64 °)= 58°

a = C a = 12 a = 12 a= 12
sinA sinC sin58 sin58 .848 .848
a = b 12 = b 12 = b b=12.7
sinA sin† sin58 sin64 .848 .899
If <A, a, b are given

and <A is acute:

Possible triangles are and<A is obtuse:
2: (h<a<b) (0<sin†²<1) Possible triangles are
1: (right angle) (sin†=1) 1: (a>b) (0<sin†<1)
(a<b) (a=h) (a> b) 2: (a<b)(sin†>1)
(0<sin†<1)
0: (a<h)
m An angle and two sides!
m ==A †

c a
Given:
sinA=55.6° A C
A=8.44cm b= 25.1cm b

a = b 8.44 = 25.1 8.44 = 25.1

sinA sin† sin 55.6 sin† .825 sin†

sin†= 2.45 sin-1 (2.45)= ERROR NO TRIANGLE!!

m An angle and two sides!
m ==A †

c a
Given:
sinA=43.5°
A
a=10.7cm c= 7.3cm C
b
a = C 10.7 = 7.3 10.7 = 7.3 =inC= 27.9
sinA sinC sin43.5 sinC .688 =inC
180-27.9=152.4 152.4+43.5= OVER 180€
(Not possible for 2nd triangle) Only one
m<†= 180 °-(43.5 °+ 27.5°)= 109
a = b 10.7 = b 10.7 = b b=14.7cm
sinA sin† sin43.5 sin109 .688 .946
The square of a side is
Equal to the sum of the square of the other two
sides minus two times the product of those
two side and the cosine of the inclined angle.
a²=b²+c²-2bc(cosA)
b²=a²+c²-2ac(cos†)
c²=a²+b²-2ab(cosC)
These are also for oblique triangles!
Needs any two sides but and angle that does not
correspond to the sides.
m An angle and two sides! Or All three sides
m === or =A= †

Find sidea c a
Given:
cosA=42.3° A C
b=15.4cm c= 12.9cm b

a²=b²+c²-2bc(cosA)
a²=15.4²+12.9²-2(15.4)(12.9)(cos42.3)
a²=125.3cm
a=10.5cm
m An angle and two sides! Or All three sides
m === or =A= †

Find A c a
Given:
a=37.6 b=42.9 c= 62.7 A C
a²=b²+c²-2bc(cosA) b

Rewrite: -a²+b²+c² = cosA

2bc
-62.7²+37.6²+42.9² = cosA
2(37.6)(42.9)
cosA= .2099 cos-1 (.2099)= 77.89
 s
Radian measure of lj = m




-The circumference of a circle is
r
an arc length.
-The ratio of the circumference to the
diameter is the basis of radian measure.
(why it is not in degrees!!)
Theorem~ In any circle the same ratio of arc length to radius
will have the same central angle measurements.
Proportions!~ s1 = s2 ONLY IF!! lj1= lj2
r1 r2
 s
A person moves a wheel that·s
radius is 10 meters, and found 
herself 8 meters from where she r
began. What is the central angle
(degrees) the wheel has moved?
lj = s = 8 = .8 (radians answer)
r 10
(degrees)lj = 180(radians) lj = 180(.8)
Ǒ Ǒ
(degrees) lj= 144/ Ǒ
lj=45.84°
 s
There are two gears touching one
another. One has a radius of 10cm

and has rotated 8cm around. What
r
is the rotation and the central angle
of the other gear if the radius is 5cm?
lj = s = 8 = .8 (radians answer)
r 10 s
(degrees)lj = 180(radians) lj = 180(.8)
Ǒ Ǒ 
(degrees) lj= 144/ Ǒ r
lj=45.84 °
(The gears a porpotional!)
lj = s1 = s2 .8= 8 = s2 s2= 4cm
r1 r2 10 5
The area of a sector of a circle can be
calculated by degrees or radians. A


(radians) lj (r²)= Area r

2
(Degrees) lj (Ǒ)(r²)= Area
360
Theorem~ The area of the circle is proportional to 360Ý
Area of sector = Angle of sector
Area of circle 360 or (2Ǒ)
rs. Parker ordered a large chesse
pizza. The radius of the pizza was 5 ft.
A
she made a bet with that class she
could eat a slice of pizza with a central 

Angle of 60 degrees. How much pizza r

Did she consume?
Area of sector = Angle of sector
Area of circle 360
Area of sector = 60
Ǒ5² 360
Area of sector = 60 (25Ǒ)
That·s a lot of
360
pizza.
Area of sector= 13.09ft²
rs. Parker baked a circlar brownie. Her
neighbor wanted 35.4cm² of the brownie A
pie. About what angle(radians) did rs.

Parker cut her brownie, if the radius was
r
6cm.
Area of sector = Angle of sector
Area of circle 2Ǒ
35.4 = Angle of sector
Ǒ6² 2Ǒ
Angle of sector = 35.4 (2)
36
Angle of sector= 1.967(radians)