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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTATION ON
VARIOUS
MEDIUM
FOR
COMMUNICATION
MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATIONS
What are computer communications?
 Process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data,
instructions, and information
COMMUNICATIONS
What is needed for successful communications?
Sending Communications Communications

device — initiates device — connects channel — media
instruction to the sending device to on which data,
transmit data, the communications instructions, or
instructions, or channel information travel
information
Communications Receiving
device — connects device — accepts
the communications transmission of data,
channel to the instructions, or
receiving device information
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
 Computer to process information.
 Terminals or input/output devices (source/destination)
 Communication channels => Communication channels use various

communication media, such as telephone lines, fiber optic cables,
coaxial cables, and wireless transmission.
 Communication processors => modems, controllers, and front-end

processors.
PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA
What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?
 Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and network cabling
 Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring

COAXIAL CABLE
In its simplest form, coaxial consists of a core made of solid
copper surrounded by insulation, a braided metal shielding,
and an outer cover.
COAXIAL CABLE
It minimizes both effect:

skin effect
radiation effect
COAXIAL CABLE
 A transmission medium consisting of thickly insulated
copper wire, which can transmit a large volume of data
than twisted wire.
 Advantages: It is often used in place of twisted wire

for important links in a network because it is a faster,
more interference-free transmission medium (speed:
200 megabits per second).
 Disadvantages: Coaxial cable is thick, is hard to wire

in many buildings. It does not support analog
conversations.
GLASS FIBERS
 Opticalfibers uses light to transport data

 Advantages
 Use of light eliminates interference
 Carries of pulse of light much farther
 Carries more information than wires
 Requires only a single fiber
 Disadvantages
 Installation requires special equipment
 Difficult to locate a break in fiber
 Difficult to repair a broken fiber
PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA
What is fiber-optic cable ?
 Capable of carrying
significantly more
data at faster speeds
than wire cables
 Less susceptible
to interference
(noise) and, therefore,
more secure
 Smaller size (thinner
and lighter)
OPTICAL FIBER
Optical
core
Optical Plastic coating

cladding
Single core
Multicore
OPTICAL FIBER
 Optical fiber consists of a glass core, surrounded
by a glass cladding with slightly lower refractive
index.
 In most networks fiber-optic cable is used as the
high-speed backbone, and twisted wire and coaxial
cable are used to connect the backbone to
individual devices.
 Advantages: faster, lighter, and suitable for
transferring large amount of data.
 Disadvantages: Fiber-optic cable is more difficult
to work with, more expensive, and harder to
install.
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
What is a communications satellite?
 Space station
that receives
microwave signals
from earth-based
station, amplifies
signals, and
broadcasts signals
back to any
number of earth-
based stations
SATELLITES
 Combinedwith RF technology to provide

communication across longer distances
 Satellite contains a transponder which

 Accepts incoming radio transmission
 Amplifies it, and
 Transmits the amplified signal
 Containsmultiple transponders operating

independently at different frequency
CLASSIFICATIONS OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Classification by Method
 Infrared
 Laser
 Narrow-band radio
 Spread-spectrum radio
 Microwaves
Microwave: technology has applications in all three of the wireless networking

scenarios: LAN, extended LAN, and mobile networking. Microwave communication
can take two forms: terrestrial (ground) links and satellite links. The frequencies
and technologies employed by these two forms are similar, but as you’ll see,
distinct differences exist between them.
Infrared: technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-

range wireless signals using infrared lights wherein they are typically are limited
to within 100 feet. Infrared devices are insensitive to radio-frequency
interference, but reception can be degraded by bright light.
RADIO
 Uses electromagnetic radiation to

transmit data
 Operates at radio frequency
 Transmissions referred to as RF
transmissions
 Does not require a direct physical
connection between computers

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

What is needed for successful communications?

Sending Communications Communications

 Terminals or input/output devices (source/destination)

 Communication channels => Communication channels use various

 Communication processors => modems, controllers, and front-end

 Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring

It minimizes both effect:

 Advantages: It is often used in place of twisted wire

 Disadvantages: Coaxial cable is thick, is hard to wire

 Opticalfibers uses light to transport data

What is fiber-optic cable ?

Optical Plastic coating

 Combinedwith RF technology to provide

 Satellite contains a transponder which

 Containsmultiple transponders operating

Microwave: technology has applications in all three of the wireless networking

Infrared: technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-

 Uses electromagnetic radiation to

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