1) People work for earning a living and contributing to national development. Work provides self-worth and enables relating to others.
2) Employment has grown but informalization is rising, with more casual wage work and less regular jobs. Primary sector employment is declining while secondary and tertiary sectors are growing.
3) Both formal and informal employment have increased, but informal jobs lack benefits and security formal jobs provide. The government has implemented various employment generation programs to address unemployment and underemployment.
1) People work for earning a living and contributing to national development. Work provides self-worth and enables relating to others.
2) Employment has grown but informalization is rising, with more casual wage work and less regular jobs. Primary sector employment is declining while secondary and tertiary sectors are growing.
3) Both formal and informal employment have increased, but informal jobs lack benefits and security formal jobs provide. The government has implemented various employment generation programs to address unemployment and underemployment.
Original Description:
economics notes
Original Title
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH INFORMALISATION AND OTHER ISSUES
1) People work for earning a living and contributing to national development. Work provides self-worth and enables relating to others.
2) Employment has grown but informalization is rising, with more casual wage work and less regular jobs. Primary sector employment is declining while secondary and tertiary sectors are growing.
3) Both formal and informal employment have increased, but informal jobs lack benefits and security formal jobs provide. The government has implemented various employment generation programs to address unemployment and underemployment.
1) People work for earning a living and contributing to national development. Work provides self-worth and enables relating to others.
2) Employment has grown but informalization is rising, with more casual wage work and less regular jobs. Primary sector employment is declining while secondary and tertiary sectors are growing.
3) Both formal and informal employment have increased, but informal jobs lack benefits and security formal jobs provide. The government has implemented various employment generation programs to address unemployment and underemployment.
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EMPLOYMENT: GROWTH,
INFORMALISATION AND OTHER
ISSUES CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION 1 • People do a variety of work. Some work on farms, in factories, banks, shops and many other workplaces; • A few others work at home. It includes not only traditional work like weaving, lace making or variety of handicrafts but also modern jobs like programming work in the IT industry. WHY DO PEOPLE WORK? 2
• People work for ‘earning’ a living.
• Being employed in work gives us a sense of self-worth and enables us to relate ourselves meaningfully with others. • Every working person is actively contributing to national income and hence, the development of the country WHY DO PEOPLE WORK? 3 • We do not work only for ourselves; we also have a sense of accomplishment when we work to meet the requirements of those who are dependent on us. • Mahatma Gandhi insisted upon education and training through a variety of works including craft. contd • Studying about working people gives us insights into the quality and nature of employment in our country and helps in understanding and planning our human resources • It helps us to analyze the contribution made by different sectors towards national income. • It also helps us to address many social issues such as exploitation of marginalized sections of the society, child labour etc WORKERS & EMPLOYMENT 4 • Employment is a state of being employed It is a state where an individual is getting paid • A person may work in the fields, or factories or in the tertiary sector he can be considered a worker if he is paid for his services. • By being employed or by being a worker a person contributes to the value of goods and services produced in our country. TYPES OF ACTIVITIES 5 • Activities that contribute to GNP are called ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES • Activities that do not contribute to income are called NON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. • People engaged in economic activites are working in different capacities as workers. Some are working in lower positions, some at medium level and others at lower levels. NATURE OF EMPLOYMENT 6 • Some get employment throughout the year and some get just for a few months. • Some get fair wages and some don’t. • Majority of the workers are from the rural areas . • Men form majority of the workforce in India. • Women account for only 1/3 rd of the rural work force and 1/5 th of the urban workforce PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE IN EMPLOYMENT 7 • Population refers to the total number of people who reside in a particular area or locality. • The worker population ratio is used to understand the employment situation in our country. • To calculate the worker population ratio we divide the working population by the total population and multiply it with 100. or • Working population/total population X 100 PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE IN EMPLOYMENT 8 • The people in rural areas are not highly educated so there are fewer employment opportunities in the rural areas. • The people in the urban areas have ample opportunities of employment • Compared to females there are many male workers both in rural as well as in the urban areas. • A lot of times work done by women is not recognized they may also be paid less than the men folk SELF EMPLOYED AND HIRED WORKERS 9 • Workers can either be self employees self employed, or casual wage labourers. • For eg:- a cement shop owner is self employed , the construction worker is a casual wage worker and a civil engineer is a regular salaried person. • In India about 52% are self employed, 30% are casual wage earners, 18% are regular salaried. DISTRIBUTION OF WORKFORCE IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS 10 • In the urban areas most people work in the industries or the tertiary sector so they are either self employed or regular salaried. • In the rural areas most work is agrarian therefore many are casual wage earners. SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY 11 • All economic activities are broadly into 8 categories • They are Agriculture, Mining, Quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity Gas & water supply, Construction, Trade, Transport & storage, and Services. • According to census 2011 48.9% of population is engaged in primary sector, 24.3% of population is engaged in secondary sector and 26.8 % of the population is engaged in the tertiary sector. GROWTH AND CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT 12 • During the period 1950–2010, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India grew positively and was higher than the employment growth. • In the late 1990s employment growth started declining almost similar to the initial years of planning. • It is seen that income has increased over the years and employment has declined, Scholars call this as JOBLESS GROWTH. • It is observed that the dependence on primary sector is declining and there is a gradual shift in the employment towards the secondary and the tertiary sector. GROWTH AND CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT13 • The distribution of work force for last four decades (1972-2012), people have moved from self employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work.(recession) • Yet self-employment continues to be the major employment provider. • Scholars call the process of moving from self- employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work as casualisation of work force. GROWTH AND CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT14 • In the course of economic development of a country, labour flows from agriculture and other related activities to industry and services. • In this process, workers migrate from rural to urban areas. • Eventually, at a much later stage, the industrial sector begins to lose its share of total employment as the service sector enters a period of rapid expansion. INFORMALISATION OF INDIAN WORKFORCE 15 • FORMAL SECTOR:- It is a well defined or organised sector where the working hours are fixed, have regular income and for which income taxes are paid is called a formal sector. • It can also be defined as a sector where there are 10 or more hired workers and are governed by the rules and regulations of the govt. INFORMALISATION OF THE INDIAN WORK FORCE 16 • Informal sector:- This sector is also called as the un-organised sector. Here the workers are not covered by social security provisions of the Govt. They include farmers, agricultural workers, vendors, construction workers, small traders, domestic workers etc. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMAL & INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT 17 FORMAL INFORMAL • Organised sector • Unorganised sector • Written agreements • Oral agreements • Registered units • Unregistered units • Regular salaried workers • Self employed and casual workers. • Fixed hours of work • Long hours of work • There is job security • No job security • Social security available • No social security • No migration • High migration • Govt and semi Govt employees • Agricultural labourers, push cart vendors, construction workers domestic workers etc. UNEMPLOYMENT 18 • It is a situation where an able bodied worker is not provided with work at the ruling wage rate. SOURCES OF DATA ON UNEMPLOYMENT:- Census NSSO Directorate General of Employment And Training TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT 19 • Disguised unemployment • Seasonal Unemployment • Open Unemployment • Under Employment EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PROGRAMMES OF THE GOVT. 20 • The Government has set up a lot of programes on poverty alleviation and employment generation like • National Rural Employment guarentee Programe • Swarnajayanthi gram rozgar yojna • Swarna jayanthi Shahri Rozgar Yojna • Apart from these the Govt also has created a lot of wage employment programmes and has also provided services like health, education, drinking water, sanitation etc. CONCLUSION 21 • There has been a drastic change in the structure of workforce in India • New jobs have emerged especially in the service sector. • MNCs have come and with them outsourcing is becoming a common practice. • The traditional concept of working from office is given way for working from home. • There is a lot of informalisation of employment and less provision for social security.