SANITATION BARRIER

AND SANITARY LATRINE

By Dr.Shruthee.S.G
First year Postgraduate
Community medicine
DEFINITIONS
• SANITATION:
Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision
of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.

• HYGIENE:
Conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and
preventing disease, especially through cleanliness
SANITATION
.

• SAFE COLLECTION, STORAGE, TREATMENT AND

DISPOSAL/RE-USE/RECYCLING OF HUMAN EXCRETA
(FAECES AND URINE)
.

• COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

PRODUCTS

• MANAGEMENT / RE-USE/RECYCLING OF SOLID WASTE

(RUBBISH)

• MANAGEMNT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES (INCLUDING

HOSPITAL WASTES, CHEMICAL AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE)
Segregation of the excreta and proper disposal so that the
disease agent cannot reach the new host, either directly or
indirectly.
WORLDWIDE
• 2.4 billion people still use unimproved sanitation facilities, of
whom 1 billion practise open defecation (OD).
• Nine out of 10 people defecating in the open live in rural
areas (WHO/UNICEF, 2015)
• WORLD TOILET DAY NOVEMBER 19
• This day was designated by the UN general assembly
with a Call to Action for eliminating open defecation
by 2025
• As per WHO burden of disease estimated in 2014,
• Moving from no sanitation to improved sanitation
yields 16% reduction in diarrhea.
• But when excreta are properly collected, treated and
disposed, additional 63% reduction in diarrhea.
STATISTICS IN INDIA

As per survey of Swachhta status (May- June 2015),

• Percentage of persons contributing to open defaecation:
• Rural - 52.1%
• Urban – 7.5%
• Percentage of households having sanitary toilets:
• Rural – 45.3% (93.9)
• Urban – 88.8% (99)
OPEN DEFECATION

• States already ODF :

• Kerela, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh
• States expected to become ODF in the next 6 months :
• Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Mizoram, Uttarakhand
METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL
UNSEWERED AREAS:
• SERVICE TYPE LATRINES (CONSERVANCY SYSTEM)
• NON SERVICE TYPES (SANITARY LATRINES)
• LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMP AND TEMPORARY USE

SEWERED AREAS:
• WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM AND SEWAGE TREATMENT
SERVICE TYPE LATRINES
(CONSERVANCY SYSTEM)

FEATURES:
• Collection and removal of
nightsoil by human agency
• Transportation in “night
soil carts”
• Disposal by composting /
burial in shallow trenches
LIMITATIONS:
• Source of filth and sanitation – perpetuate the disease cycle
of fecal borne disease
• Possibility of water and soil pollution
• Buckets and pans require frequent replacement
• Employment of labour for collection of nightsoil against
human dignity and not pardonable  ENVIRONMENTAL
HYGIENE COMMITTEE (1949)
 SANITARY LATRINES
( NON- SERVICE LATRINES)
A sanitary latrine fulfills the following criteria:
It should not contaminate the ground or service water.
It should not pollute the soil
It should not be accessible to vehicles of transmission
such as flies ,rodents and other animals.
It should not create a nuisance due to odour or
unsightly appearance.
SANITARY LATRINE
TYPES:
a)BORE HOLE LATRINE
b)DUG WELL OR PIT LATRINE
c)WATER SEAL TYPE OF LATRINE
d)SEPTIC TANK
e)AQUA PRIVY
BORE HOLE LATRINE
ADVANTAGES:
1. No need of a sweeper for
manual collection of nightsoil.
2. Can be excavated quickly if
boring equipment is available.
3. Fly breeding is not much of a
problem as the pit is dark.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Small capacity
2. Risk of collapse of side walls
3. Greater risk of groundwater
pollution due to depth of hole
DUG WELL /PIT LATRINE
PIT LATRINE

MERITS DEMERITS

• Lasts longer. • Considerable fly

• Low cost nuisance (and
• No need for special mosquito nuisance if
equipment. pit is wet).
• Needs no water for • Unpleasant odour
operation • Risk of water
• Technology is easily pollution if situated
understood.Can be close to a well.
built by householder. • Difficult to construct
in rocky or unstable
ground.
“VIP” TOILETS
Ventilated improved pit toilet system
WATER SEAL/ POUR-FLUSH LATRINE
TYPES:
• BASED ON
PROXIMITY OF
PIT:
a) Direct:
- Best suited for
areas where
ground is hard.
- Cheaper;
easier to
construct ;
occupies less
space.
b) Indirect:
 BASED ON MINOR ENGINEERING DETAILS:

1)RCA type – designed by Rsearch-cum-Action projects

in Environmental sanitation, Ministry of Health
-> Widely adopted in different parts of the country.

2) P.R.A.I type – designed by Planning,Research and

Action institute, Lucknow
RCA LATRINE

SQATTING
LOCATION PAN
PLATE

CONNECTING
TRAP DUG WELL
PIPE

MAINTENANCE SUPERSTRUCTURE
• LOCATION:
• 15m away from a water source.
• To be situated at a lower elevation
to prevent possible contamination
of water source
• Not to be located in areas subject
to flooding.
• SQUATTING PLATE:
• To be made of an impervious
material
• Square cement slab with 90cm
side length and 5 cm thickness and
½ inch slope towards the pan.
Circular squatting plates of similar
dimensions also satisfactory.
• Raised footrests for convenience.
• PAN:
- Receives the nightsoil, urine and wash
water.
- Uniform slope from front to back
- Length of pan – 17”;
- Width at front – 5”;
- Width at widest portion – 8”
• TRAP:
- Bent pipe – 7.5cm in diamter
- Provides the necessary water seal of
depth 2cm.
 • CONNECTING
PIPE:
-In Indirect type, the
trap is connected to
the pit by the
connecting pipe
- Measures 7.5cm in
diameter and 1m in
length with a bend
at the the end.
• DUG WELL:
-Dug well or pit is usually 75 cm in diameter and 3-3.5m deep and is
covered.
-A lining of earthenware rings or bamboo matting can be used to
prevent caving in of the pit.
• SUPERSTRUCTURE
• MAINTENANCE
WATER SEAL LATRINE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Low cost A reliable(even if limited)water
supply must be available
2. Control of flies and Unsuitable where solid anal
mosquitoes cleansing is used
3. Absence of smell in
latrine
4. Offset type
5. Can be upgraded by
connection to sewer when
sewerage becomes
available
 SULABH SHAUCHALYA
• The Founder of Sulabh International, Dr.B.Pathak invented the concept of
“Sulabh Community Latrines”.
• Improvised low cost water seal latrine developed for rural setting.
• Minimal water is needed in the process.
• Excreta undergoes bacterial decomposition and converted to compost.
• Their usual structure is a lavatory block of several dozen setas,with a
bathing block adjoining.
SEPTIC TANK
AQUA PRIVY
•An aqua privy has a
watertight tank immediately
under the latrine floor.
• Excreta drop directly into
the tank through a pipe, the
bottom of which is
submerged in the liquid in
the tank, forming a water
seal.
•The tank functions like a
septic tank.
•Enough water must be
added to compensate for
evaporation and leakage
losses.
AQUA PRIVY

ADVANTAGES: DISADVNTAGES:
• Does not need piped water on • More expensive
site • Regular desludging required
• Less expansive than septic tank • Permeable soil required to
dispose off effluent
• Fly and smell nuisance if seal is
lost because insufficient water
is added.
LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMP AND
TEMPORARY USE
• Shallow trench latrine
• Deep trench latrine
• Pit latrine
• Bore hole latrine
SHALLOW TRENCH LATRINE
Rudimentary
arrangement for a short
period (upto 1 week )

Trench measures:
1 feet wide
 3-5 feet deep
Length of 10 – 12 feet
necessary for 100 people

When the trench is filled

to 1 feet below ground
level, it must be covered
with earth.
DEEP TRENCH LATRINE
• Intended for camps
of longer duration,
from a few weeks
to few months.

• Trench measures:
• 75 – 90 cm
wide
• 6 – 8 feet deep

• A superstructure
for privacy is built.
• A seat or a
squatting plate is
provided.
CHEMICAL CLOSET
Active ingredients:
• Formaldehyde
• Ammonium
compounds
OVERHUNG LATRINE
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• Collecting and transporting of human excreta and waste water from
residential, commercial and industrial areas by a network of
underground pipes called sewers to the site of ultimate disposal.
• Separate and Combined Sewer System
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• SDG 6 – CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
• SDG 3 – GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING
• SDG 4 – QUALITY EDUCATION
• SDG 11 – SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
• SDG 1 – NO POVERTY
 WASH STRATEGY

UNICEF’s STRATEGY FOR WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2016 - 2030

 CLTS
• Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an innovative
methodology, pioneered by Kamal Kar for mobilising
communities to completely eliminate open defecation
(OD).
• Recognition that merely providing toilets does not
guarantee their use, nor result in improved sanitation and
hygiene.
• Focus on the behavioural change needed to ensure real
and sustainable improvements.
• Today CLTS is in more than 60 countries in Asia, Africa,
Latin America, the Pacific and the Middle East, and
governments are increasingly taking the lead in scaling up
CLTS. Many governments have also adopted CLTS as
national policy.
SANITATION PROGRAMMES IN INDIA
To tackle rural sanitation, the Indian Government has mounted four
campaigns in succession:
• Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) launched in 1986
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999,
• Nirmal Bharat Abhyan (NBA) in 2012 and
• now the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) (clean India mission), initiated by
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on October 2nd 2014. The SBM has the
target of achieving an open defecation free India in five years, by
October 2nd 2019, the 150th birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. The SBM is
coordinated by the Secretary, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation,
with two sub-missions, rural and urban.