Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Computer Networks
Lecture 23: Mobile
(Can you ping me now?)
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Cellular Network
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3 orthogonal Schemes:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access
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frequency
Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits
during each slot
Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in
turn
Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi
Code Division Multiple Access
Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions
Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using
the user specific code – Spreading
Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
But all users use the same frequency band together
Orthogonal among users
Why am I telling you this?
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MobileController:
NodeB & Base Station switching center:
Serving
Gateway GPRSGPRSSupport
Support Node:
Node:
Converts RF toAnalog
wired to digital
Move IP packets to/fromtheradio
Route to/from network
Interet
Packet switched vs circuit switched
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RNC/NodeB: 1000s
SGSNs/S-GWs: 10s or 100s
GGSN/P-GWs: < 10
Why is this a problem?
Very few GGSNs for a large region
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Implication: Path Inflation
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Conflicting goals
IPapplication assume “always on” connectivity
Radio consumes large amounts of power
IDLE FACH
Idle for 12 s 460 mW
No Power
Low Bandwidth
No BW
Delays add up…
mple: RRC State Machine
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rgeDelay
Commercial
to send a packet 3G Network
Delay to save power
… to inefficiency
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Inefficient
Example radio
ofutilization
the State (34% power/channel)
Machine Impact:
Inefficient Resource Utilization
State transitions impact end user
A significant amount of channel occupation time and experience and generate
battery life is wasted by scattered bursts. signaling load.
Carrier-grade NAT
Devices often assigned private IPs
Firewalled connections