Trichomoniasis

Infectious diseases causing
infertility :
Infectious diseases causing infertility are of 2 types :
•Systemic infection : Eg. T.B. etc which rarely affect
the reproductive organs.
•Venereal diseases : eg.Trichomoniasis, Brucellosis,
Compylobacteriosis, mycoplasmosis. Granular
venereal disease, Infectious pustular
vulvovaginitis due to IBR-IPV, Specific Bovine
Venereal Epididymitis and Vaginitis or Epivag.
Trichomoniasis:
• Trichomoniasis is an insidious venereal
disease of cattle characterized by sterility,
early abortion and pyometra. I
• It is caused by protozoan, Trichomonas
fetus or Tritrichomonas fetus.
• It is transmitted to cow by chronically
infected bull.
• Etiology:-
• The organism is a flagellated protozoa with
pyriform or pear- like body.
• The length of the organism is 10 – 25 microns
and width is 5 – 10 microns. The organism is
actively motile exhibiting a jerky, twisting,
irregular, spiral, and erratic type of movement.
• Trichomonas fetus is rapidly killed by
drying , by the presence of antiseptics,
excessive heat and by other adverse
conditions or environment.
• Trichomonas fetus may be kept indefinitely
in culture media.
• In cattle, Trichomonas fetus is found only in the
genital tract, vagina, cervix, uterus, and contents
of the uterus of the cow and on the penis and
prepuce and possibly a slight distance into the
urethra of the bull.
• This organism can be identified under
microscope by its characteristic size, shape,
undulating membrane and jerky erratic motion.
Trichomoniasis is a venereal disease spread from
animal to animal at the time of coitus or A.I.
• Trichomonas fetus can be present in diluted
semen. It can survive in frozen and thawed
extended bull semen even though glycerol was
toxic to Trichomonas fetus.
• In glycerol egg-yolk –citrate extender T. fetus did
not survive freezing and thawing; while in glycerol
egg-yolk phosphate or glycerol milk extenders
some organism did survive.
• Thus bulls used in A.I. service should be free of
Trichomoniasis or spread of the disease might
occur. In natural service the transmission rate of
the disease is about 80 %.
Signs
• Approximately 5 – 20 % of the infected cows
may fail to show signs of the disease.
Conception, normal gestation and parturition
may result in spite of the infection.
• When Trichomonas fetus becomes established
after coitus there is no reaction nor any clinical
lesions or discharge for the first 3 or 4 days.
By 4 – 9 days after coitus the presence of a
moderate vulvovaginitis and cervicitis may be
observed.
• Discharges from the genitals are absent or very
scanty unless pyometra occur.
• In severe and chronic vaginitis, a rough, rasp-like
corrugated vaginal mucosa may be observed which
is pathognomic for the disease. Vaginal discharge
is usually watery, clear, or cloudy, often containing
whitish-yellow flakes of pus.
• The most common symptom of Trichomoniasis is
infertility, characterized by the necessity for many
services per conception and by the frequent
occurrence of a prolonged period between estrual
period after breeding.
• It may cause a mild inflammation of the
endometrium, cervical and vaginal mucous
membranes and affects the developing embryo
and fetus.
• Abortion usually occurs between 1 – 16
weeks of pregnancy.
• Occasionally a mucopurulent reddish-
brown discharge may precede an abortion.
• Retained placenta is very seldom
observed following a trichomonad
abortion.
• Trichomonad pyometra is postcoital or
postservice and not postpartum.
• The amount of pus in the uterus varies from about
60 – 8000ml with an average of 1500 ml.
• The pus in Trichomonad pyometra has a
characteristic thin, yellow-grey, watery, flocculent
consistency, often containing yellow flakes of pus
and shreds of fetal membranes and tissues.
• The pus has been described as having a potato
soup colour and consistency.
• Odour may be absent or rather sweetish, but is not
fetid.
• Diagnosis :-
– 1) History record of early abortion.
– Examination of prepucial smegma in bull for the
presence of Trichomonas fetus by a) swab
b) pipette c) douching
• Vaginal mucous agglutination test.
• Examination of fetal membranes, the
mouth cavity of the fetus, the fetal fluids,
the stomach content of the fetus, or the
exudates in the uterus for T.fetus.
• Following abortion the organisms usually
disappear within 48 hours.
• Prognosis :- In the herd the prognosis is
usually fair to good if the owner follows a
carefully planned control program. In the
individual cow the prognosis is good
because the non-pregnant cow tends to
develop an immunity.
• Occasionally secondary invading organism
such as Corynebacterium pyogenes may
produce severe pyometra and sterility.
• The prognosis in bull is more guarded.
Older bulls are permanently infected and
very rarely recover spontaneously.
• Herd treatment :-
• Individual treatment :
– Sexual rest except for the case of pyometra, abortion and
secondary metritis.
– Douching of vagina and possibly uterus with :
a) 2 – 3 ml of Lugol’s solution in 100 ml of water .
b) 4 – 5 % Sodium perborate solution.
c) 1 – 3 % chlorine solution.
d) 1 % acriflavin solution. Once or at several
intervals a week or 10 days apart.
• Treatment of bull :
• 1) Ointment containing Trypaflavin and a protozoacidal
eg. Bovoflavin oint.etc. may be applied to the penis and
prepuce.
• 2) Washing of penis with 0.1 % Trypaflavin solution at
body temperature followed by Trypaflavin ointment for 10
minutes and this should be repeated 6–8 days.
• 3) Acriflavin ointment, 1 %, applied to the penis and
sheath and 0.5 % acriflavin solution injected up in the
urethra.
• 4) Douching the sheath with 1% Metronidazole
solution, or infusion of 1% Berenil 100-150 ml
into the sheath daily for 5 days and massage for
15 minutes with the prepucial orifice closed are
also effective.
• 5) Sodium iodide at the dosage of 5 gm/45kg body
weight in 500 ml water, I/V on 5 occasions at 2
days intervals.
• 6) Dimetridazole 50 mg/kg body wt. Orally for 5
days.
• 7) Metronidazole i/v for 3 injections at 12 hrs.
intervals.
• 8) Trichostatin, a new antibiotics is also effective.
• Prevention:
• 1) Knowledge of reproductive efficiency in the herd of
origin of stock purchased.
• Thorough examination of newly purchased suspected
bulls .
• Repeated examination 12 – 19 days after coitus of the
vaginal mucus.
• Prevent the introduction of trichomoniasis by female.
For this purpose , A.I.should be used for breeding these
infected or suspected females.
• Examine the history of the bull before purchased.
• Six negative prepucial washing examination.

Trichomoniasis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Trichomoniasis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Trichomoniasis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Infectious diseases causing

You might also like