Scientific Method

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Is the organized approach that biologists and all

scientists use to investigate natural
phenomena, to research for new knowledge or
to correct previous knowledge. It is a method
by which students are encouraged to problem-
solve, rather than just perform step by step
procedures.
OBSERVING AND QUESTIONING
Observing is a process in which the different

senses are used to gather information, with or
without the help of instruments such as the
microscope, camera, etc. A scientific problem
may be proposed using a question word: WHAT
and HOW to easily direct the process of
investigation.
DEVELOPING A HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is an attempt to explain

observations. It is a suggested solution to a
problem. It is a scientific guess about the unseen
cause of what can be seen.
TESTING HYPOTHESIS
A scientist tests the hypothesis with a carefully

designed experiment which uses two kinds of
variables. A variable is any factor that can
influence the outcome of an experiment. The
constant variable refers to the condition that is
kept the same, for the two set-ups in the
experiment. The experimental variable refers to
the condition that is changed and tested.
TWO PARTS OF EXPERIMENT
1. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
- the variable is present.
2. CONTROL SET-UP
- the variable is missing.
• All the variables are kept the same in the both

set-ups.
• The hypothesis should be tested to find out
whether it should be accepted or rejected.
COLLECTING AND ANALYZING DATA
Records of all experimental observations and

measurements are kept. Data are analyzed and
interpreted. In order to remove bias, numbers are
used to represent data.
MAKING CONCLUSIONS
The results of the experiment gives the answer

to the questions formulated. It will determine
whether the hypothesis will be accepted or
rejected, thus, forming a conclusion or
generalization. The conclusion may be verified by
repeating the experiment.
Bending of Kangkong Stalk:
An Experiment About the Type
of Solution's Effect to its
Water Potentiality
MATERIALS:
• Kangkong stalk
• Salt
• Sugar
• Tap water
• Plastic cups
• Ruler
• Blade
• Spoon
PROCEDURES:
1. Gathered all the materials needed.
2. Label the three cups with water and solutions.
3. Select an internode of the kangkong stalk with a large
diameter and cut out a length of 3cm.
4. Cut the internode longitudinally into two halves.
5. Further cut each half into three longitudinal parts to ontain a
total of three strips from the whole internode.
6. Observe and draw the appearance of the strips right after
cutting.
7. Place one strip into each cup make sure that all the strips are
well submerged in their corresponding solutions.
8. Observe and draw each changes after 5 mins.
1. PROBLEM
- What happen to kangkong stalks when dipped
into different solutions.
2. HYPOTHESIS
- The type of solution (water/salt/sugar) that
affects the water potential of kangkong stalk.
= There is no association between the type of

solution and water potential of kangkong stalk.
3. EXPERIMENTS
a. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE
- Water potential of kangkong stalk (bending)
b. CONSTANT VARIABLE
- Type of solution (water/salt/sugar)
c. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
- The bending of kangkong stalk will be determined
by the type of solution it was soaked into.
d. DESCRIPTION OF CONTROL SET-UP
- The bending of kangkong stalk will be determined
by water alone.
4. OBSERVATIONS
a. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
- The kangkong stalk bended differently depending
upon the type of solution it was
soaked into.
- The time the kangkong stalk bended varied.
b. CONTROL SET-UP
- The kangkong stalk bended differently depending
upon the water alone.
TYPE OF BEND TIME
SOLUTION TYPE (within 5 mins.)
WATER CURL 1st

WATER & CURVE 3rd
SALT
WATER & SLIGHTLY 2nd
SUGAR BEND
5. CONCLUSION
- The bending time and type of the kangkong
stalk depends upon the type of solution. We
soaked them into. The kangkong stalk that was
soaked in water has the highest water potential
followed by the water, water and salt, water and
sugar solutions. In terms of reaction time the
kangkong stalk that was soaked in water first
bended, followed by water and sugar and last is
the water and salt.
DO YOU ACCEPT OR REJECT THE HYPOTHESIS?
- We reject the null hypothesis because the

time and type of bending of the kangkong stalk
depended upon the type of solution we soaked
the stalk into.

Scientific Method

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Is the organized approach that biologists and all

Observing is a process in which the different

A hypothesis is an attempt to explain

A scientist tests the hypothesis with a carefully

• All the variables are kept the same in the both

Records of all experimental observations and

The results of the experiment gives the answer

= There is no association between the type of

WATER CURL 1st

- We reject the null hypothesis because the

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