CHARLITO C.

BARING
 SINE FUNCTION

The relation between the arc length and the Y coordinate

is the SINE function.

COSINE FUNCTION

The relation between the arc length and the X coordinate

is the COSINE function.
 The Sine and Cosine functions
With the point (1,0) as the starting point, any arc of length
S has a corresponding terminal point P, with coordinates (x,y), on
the circle.
(0,1) If s is a real number, and θ is an
angle having radian measure s, then
P(x,y) = (cos θ, sin θ)
(cos s, sin s) sin s = sin θ
cos s = cos θ
(-1,0) θ s if s is any real number and s is the
(1,0) length of an arc on the unit circle
with (1,0) as initial point and
terminal point (x,y), then
sin s = y
cos s = x
(-1,0)
Remember

for each real number θ, let P(x,y)be the point that is θ

units from (1,0) in the counterclockwise direction along the unit
circle. Then, cosine is the function such that

cos θ = x

And the sine is the function such that

sin θ = y
 Illustrative examples
A. Evaluate: sin 90⁰ and cos 90⁰

solution:
(0,1)
if θ = 90⁰ is in standard position, the
terminal side of the angle intersects
the unit circle at the point (0,1).
By definition,
-1,0)
90⁰ cos 90⁰ is abscissa or x = 0,
(1,0)
sin 90⁰ is the ordinate or y = 1.
Thus,
sin 90⁰ = 1 and cos 90⁰ = 0.

(0,-1)
B. Evaluate: sin -180⁰ and cos -180⁰

Solution: (0,1)

If θ = -180⁰ is in standard position,

The terminal side meets the unit
(-1,0) (1,0)
Circle at the point (-1,0).

Thus, by definition,
Sin -180⁰ = 0 and
Cos -180⁰ = 1.
(0,-1)
In the same manner, the function values of angles that are integral
multiples of 90⁰, can be evaluated just as easily.

θ 0⁰ 90⁰ 180⁰ 270⁰ 360⁰

Sin θ 0 1 0 -1 0
Cos θ 1 0 -1 0 1

For the angles that are not multiples of 90⁰, use the notion of reference
angles.
To evaluate sin and cosine functions, the reference angle associated with θ
is used.

Recall Reference Angle

Angle reference angle

135⁰ 45⁰
60⁰ 60⁰
210⁰ 30⁰
300⁰ 60⁰
C. Evaluate: cos 150⁰ and sin 150⁰

P 150⁰ P R
30⁰ 30⁰ 30⁰

M N M O N

Solution:
1. The first figure shows that the reference angle for 150⁰ is 30⁰.
The value of cos 150⁰ is the x coordinate, draw line PR parallel
to the x axis (shown in the figure).
 (-,+) (+,+)
P 150⁰ P R
30⁰ 30⁰ 30⁰

M N M O N

(-,-) (+,-)
Solution:
From the symmetry, observe that the x coordinate of P is the negative
of the x coordinate of R, and the reference angle POM is equal to
angle RON.
Thus, angle RON = 30⁰
since angle RON = 30⁰, the x coordinate of R is defined as
cos 30⁰ or √3
2
. The x coordinate of P is its negative which is −√3
2
.
It follows then that the value of cos 150⁰ is −√3
2
.
Any of the trigonometric functions can be evaluated using this
procedure.

2. As in the first one, the reference angle for 150⁰ is 30⁰.

the value of sin 150⁰ is the y coordinate of point P.
since the y coordinate in the second quadrant is positive and
1 1
sin 30⁰ = , then sin 150⁰ = .
2 2
From the unit circle divided into 8 equal arcs.
(0,1)
∏/2
√2 √2
[2 , ]
−√2
[ 2 ,
√2
] 3∏/4 ∏/4 2
2

(-1,0) ∏ 2 ∏ (1,0)

5 ∏/4 7 ∏/4
−√2 −√2 √2 −√2
[ , ] [2 , ]
2 2 2

3 ∏/2
(0,-1)
From the unit circle divided into 12 equal arcs.
(0,1) 1 √3
−1 √3 [2 , ]
[ , ] 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2
2 2
3 2 3

−√3 1 5𝜋 𝜋 [√3 , 1 ]
[ 2 , ] 2 2
2 6 6

(-1,0) 𝜋 2𝜋 (1,0)

7𝜋 11𝜋
−√3 −1 √3 −1
[ 2 , ] 6 6 [2 , 2 ]
2

4𝜋 5𝜋
1 −√3
3 3𝜋 3 [2 , ]
−1 −√3 2
[ , ] 2
2 2
(0,-1)
Values of the Sine and Cosine Functions

the values of the sine and cosine of an angle can be obtained

using a calculator or a table of trigonometric functions, or by
reading from the unit circle.
A scientific calculator can be used to obtained decimal
approximations of the function values of an angle. Whether the
function is expressed in radians or degrees does not matter. For
𝜋
example, it does not matter whether you use θ = radians or
2
θ = 90⁰.
1. set the calculator to the desired mode of measurement
(degrees or radians).
2. use the keystroke sequence required.
Examples:
𝜋 𝜋
A. Evaluate: sin and cos
3 3

solution:
𝜋 𝜋
to evaluate sin and cos , set the calculator to
3 3
radian mode, and follow the keystroke sequence below.

keystroke display
𝜋
For sin ∏ ÷ 3 = sin 0.866025403
3
𝜋 ∏ ÷ 3 = cos 0.5
For cos
3

Note: keystroke sequence varies on the model of the scientific

calculator used.
B. Evaluate sin 45⁰ and cos sin 45⁰ .

Solution:
𝜋 √2
sin 45⁰ = sin = ≈ 0.7071
4 2

𝜋 √2
cos 45⁰ = cos = ≈ 0.7071
4 2
Complete the table:

Degrees 90⁰ 120⁰ 180⁰ 315⁰

Radians 𝜋 2𝜋 7𝜋
𝜋
2 3 4
Sin θ √3 −√2
1 0
2 2
Values 1 0.8660 0 -0.7071
Cos θ 0 −1 -1 √2
2 2
values 0 -0.5 -1 0.7071
Graphs of the sine and cosine Functions
The graph of a function f in s is the same as the graph of
y=f(s) where s is the independent variable that corresponds to the
abscissa of a point on the graph of f. the variable of y is the
dependent variable that corresponds to the ordinate of a point on
the graph of f.
A function is said to be periodic if the dependent variable
takes on the same set of values over and over again as the
independent variable changes.
A function f(s) is periodic if there is a real number p such
that f(s+p)=f(s) for all values of s in the domain.
*sine and cosine function are known as periodic function with
periods of 2∏.
*Amplitude or distance from its axis to a high point or low point is
half the sum of the absolute values of its minimum and maximum
values, or the greatest numerical value of the ordinate of the
function.
UNIT CIRCLE (0,1)

(-1,0) (1,0)

(0,-1)
The table below shows the variations in the interval [0,2∏] of f(s)=sin s
𝜋 𝜋
Arc Length (s) 0 to to 𝝅 𝝅 to
𝟑𝜋 𝟑𝜋
to 2𝝅
2 2 2 2
Sin s 0 to 1 1 to 0 0 to -1 -1 to 0

The amplitude is 1
The period is 2∏
𝜋
The function attains a maximum value at ( , 1 )
2
3𝜋
The function attains a minimum value at ( , -1 )
2
The s intercepts are 0, 𝜋, and 2𝜋.
The table shows the variations in the interval [0,2∏] of f(s)=cos s.
𝜋 𝜋
Arc Length (s) 0 to to 𝝅 𝝅 to
𝟑𝜋 𝟑𝜋
to 2𝝅
2 2 2 2
Cos s 1 to 0 0 to -1 -1 to 0 0 to 1

The amplitude is 1
The period is 2∏
The function attains a maximum value at ( 0, 1 ) and ( 2𝜋, 1 )
The function attains a minimum value at ( 𝜋, -1 )
𝜋 3𝜋
The s intercepts are 2
and 2
.
 3
2𝜋

𝜋
( ,3 )
2

3𝜋
( , −3 )
2

0 , 𝜋 and 2𝜋
 1
2

2𝜋

(0 , 12)

(2𝜋,12 )

(𝜋,−1
2
)

𝜋 3𝜋
and
2 2
FIN 
Thank you!