Sampling Methods

Jaxson is a student researcher.
He’s interested in studying why

people believe the way they do about the issue on Extra-Judicial
Killing. He puts together a survey asking people for reasons to
support their side about the issue on Extra-Judicial Killing.
Jaxson is puzzled as to who will be his respondents of the study.
He wants his research to say something about the opinions of the
Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School Students in Cebu, but it
wouldn’t be possible for him to give the survey to every Grade
11 and 12 Senior High School Students in Cebu because that
would take forever. So, he needs to develop a sample, or group
of subjects. This is done through a process called sampling. The
goal is to choose a sample that represents the whole population
so that Yehudi can make inferences about the population from
his sample. Now, what do you think is the appropriate sampling
procedure to use?
In research, sampling is a word that refers to your
method or process of selecting respondents or people
to answer meant to yield data for a research study. The
chosen ones constitute the sample through which you
will derive facts and evidence to support the claims or
conclusions propounded by your research problem. The
bigger group from where you choose the sample is
called population, and sampling frame is the term used
to mean the list of the members of such population from
where you will get the sample.(Paris, 2013)
History
The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the early
political activities of the Americans in 1920 when Literary Digest
did a pioneering survey about the American citizens’ favorite
among the 1920 presidential candidates. This was the very first
survey that served as the impetus for the discovery by academic
researchers of other sampling strategies that they categorized
into two classes: probability sampling or unbiased sampling and
non-probability sampling (Babbie 2013)
Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
Probability sampling involves all members listed in the
sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by
your study. An equal chance of participation in the sampling or
selection process is given to every member listed in the sampling
or selection process is given to every member listed in the
sampling frame.
A sampling frame crops up if the selection does not take place in the
way it is planned. Such sampling error is manifested by strong
dissimilarity between the sample and the ones listed in the sampling
frame. (P) how numerous the sampling errors are depends on the size of
the sample. The smaller the sample is, the bigger the number of
sampling errors. Thus, choose to have a bigger sample of respondents to
avoid sampling errors. However, deciding to increase the size of your
sample is not so easy. There are these things you have to mull over in
finalizing about this such as expenses for questionnaires and interview
trips, interview schedules, and time for reading respondents’ answer.
The right sample size also depends on whether or not the group is
heterogeneous or homogeneous. The first group requires a bigger
size; the second, a smaller one. For a study in the field of social
sciences requiring an inn-depth investigation of something such as
one involving the national government, the right sample size ranges
from 1,000 to 1, 500 or up to 2,500. On the other hand, hundreds,
hundreds, not thousands, of respondents suffice for a study about any
local government unit. (Suter 2012; Emmel 2013)
Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is the best type of probability sampling through
which you can choose sample from a population. Using a pure chance
selection, you assure every member the same opportunity to be in the
sample. Here, the only basis of including or excluding a member is by
chance or opportunity, not by any occurrence accounted for by cause-effect
relationships. Simple random sampling happens through any of these two
methods: (Burns 2012)
1.) Have a list of all members of the population;
write each name on a card, and choose cards
through a pure-chance selection.
2.) have a list of all members; give a number to
member and then use randomized or unordered
numbers in selecting names from the list.
2.Systematic Sampling
For this kind of probability sampling, chance and system are the ones to determine
who should compose the sample.

3. Stratified Sampling
The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to
subdivision during the data analysis stage.

4. Cluster Sampling
This is a probability sampling that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of
individual members to serve as sample members.
Non-Probability Sampling
Non-probability sampling disregards random selection of subjects.
The subjects are chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the
study, and in some cases, on the sole discretion of the researcher. This
is not a scientific way of selecting respondents. Neither does it offer a
valid or an objective way of detecting sampling errors. (Edmond 2013)
1. Quota Sampling
You resort to quota sampling when you think you know the
characteristics of the target population very well. In this case, you
tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the
characteristics of the target population. Using a quota or a specific
set of persons whom you believe to have the characteristics of the
target population involved in the study is your way of showing that
the sample you have chosen closely represents the target population
as regards such characteristics.
2. Voluntary Sampling
Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample
selection are the ones volunteering to constitute the sample, there is
no need for you to do any selection process.

3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the
objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or
interest in your study.
4. Availability Sampling
The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you
counts a lot in this non-probability sampling method. If during the data-
collection time, you encounter people walking on a school campus,
along corridors, and along the park or employees lining up at an office,
and these people show willingness to respond to your questions, then
you automatically consider them as your respondents.
5. Snowball Sampling
Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this sampling
method does not give a specific set of samples. This is true for a study
involving unspecified group of people. Dealing with varied groups of
people such as street children, mendicants, drug dependents, call
center workers, informal settlers, street vendors, and the like is
possible in this kind of non-probability sampling.

Sampling Methods

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Jaxson is a student researcher.

He’s interested in studying why

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