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Cell Division

Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes involved in sexual reproduction. It has two divisions, resulting in four haploid cells that combine during fertilization. This genetic variation is important for population survival over time.

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Thonieroce Apryle Jey Morelos
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402 views

Cell Division

Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes involved in sexual reproduction. It has two divisions, resulting in four haploid cells that combine during fertilization. This genetic variation is important for population survival over time.

Uploaded by

Thonieroce Apryle Jey Morelos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell

Division
Mitosis And Meiosis
Why Do Cells Divide?

• For growth,
• repair,
• and reproduction
Mitosis
Organisms grow by the
addition of cells
In multicellular organism
some of these cells
perform functions
different from other cells.
The process of a cell
becoming different is
differentiation.
When do cells divide?
Most limiting factor in size is
the size of the cell membrane.
•Cells must obtain nutrients
•as volume increases, cell
surface area does not increase
as greatly
•larger cells require a larger
surface area for survival
Terminology
Chromatin - thin fibrous
form of DNA and proteins
Sister chromatids-
identical structures that
result from chromosome
replication, formed during
S phase
Anatomy of a Chromosome
How Do Cells Divide?

Cell cycle
–
sequence
of phases
in the life
cycle of
the cell
Cell Cycle Has Two Parts

growth and preparation


(interphase)
cell division
mitosis (nuclear division)
cytokinesis (cytoplasm
division)
Interphase
•Occurs between
divisions
•Longest part of
cycle
•3 stages
G1 or Gap 1

•The cell just finished dividing


so in Gap 1 the cell is
recovering from mitosis

Interphase
S or Synthesis stage

•DNA replicates

Interphase
G 2 or Gap 2

•This is preparation for


mitosis
•Organelles are replicated.
•More growth occurs.

Interphase
Prophase
•Chromosome
condense
•Microtubles form
•The nuclear envelope
breaks down
Metaphase
 Chromosomes
are pulled to
center of cell
 Line up along
“metaphase
plate”
Anaphase
•Centromeres
divide
•Spindle fibers
pull one set of
chromosomes
to each pole
•Precise
alignment is
critical to
division
Telophase
•Nuclear envelope
form around
chromosomes
•Chromosomes
uncoil
•Cytokinesis
• animals - pinching of
plasma membrane
• plants- elongates and
the cell
• plate forms( future
cellwall and cell
membrane)
Meiosis
What is Meiosis?
 A division of the nucleus that reduces
chromosome number by half.

 Important in sexual reproduction

 Involves combining the genetic


information of one parent with that of the
the other parent to produce a genetically
distinct individual
Terminology
Diploid - two sets of
chromosomes (2n), in humans
23 pairs or 46 total

Haploid - one set of


chromosomes (n) - gametes or
sex cells, in humans 23
chromosomes
Chromosome Pairing
Homologous pair

•each chromosome in pair are


identical to the other ( carry
genes for same trait)

•only one pair differs - sex


chromosomes X or Y
Phases of Meiosis
A diploid cell replicates its
chromosomes

Two stages of meiosis


• Meiosis I and Meiosis II
• Only 1 replication
Synapsis - pairing of
homologous chromosomes
forming a tetrad.

Crossing over -
chromatids of tetrad
exchange parts.
Meiosis I
Prophase I
• Chromosomes
condense
• Homologous
chromosomes pair
w/ each other
• Each pair contains
four sister
chromatids - tetrad
Metaphase I
Tetrads or
homologous
chromosomes
move to
center of cell
Anaphase I
Homologous
chromosomes
pulled to
opposite poles
Telophase I
•Daughter
nuclei formed
•These are
haploid (1n)
Meiosis II
•Daughter cells undergo a
second division; much like
mitosis

NO ADDITIONAL
REPLICATION OCCURS
Prophase II
Spindle fibers form
again
Metaphase II
Sister chromatids move to the
center
Anaphase II
•Centromeres split
•Individual chromosomes are
pulled to poles
Telophase II &
Cytokinesis
Four haploid daughter cells results
from one original diploid cell
Review Mitosis &
Meiosis
• Both are forms of nuclear division

• Both involve replication

• Both involve disappearance of the


nucleus, and nucleolus, nuclear
membrane

• Both involve formation of spindle fibers


DIFFERENCES
•Meiosis produces daughter cells that
have 1/2 the number of chromosomes
as the parent. Go from 2n to 1n.

•Daughter cells produced by meiosis


are not genetically identical to one
another.

•In meiosis cell division takes place


twice but replication occurs only once.
Value of Variation
•Variation - differences between
members of a population.

•Meiosis results in random


separation of chromosomes in
gametes.

•Causes diverse populations that


over time can be stronger for
survival.

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