know.

It's being
able to
differentiate
between what you
do know and what
you don’t.”
Anatole France
 Heat Transfer
Agricultural Engineering Review Center
College of Agriculture
Mindanao State University
General Santos City
VIRGILIO A. RAMOS, MSME, RME
College of Engineering
 Introduction

Heat is a form of energy in transition and the

temperature difference is the driving potential for
its propagation

Physical (natural laws) are statement in terms of

concepts that have been found to be true through
many years of experimental observations. A
physical law is called a general law if the
application of it is independent of the medium
under consideration. Otherwise, it is called a
particular law.
Heat conduction

• The process of heat transfer by molecular

motion, supplemented in some cases by the flow
of electrons, through a body (solid, liquid, or
gaseous) form a region of high temperature to a
region of low temperature.
• It is the only mechanism by which heat can flow
in opaque solids.
• For any given temperature difference, the rate of
heat flow by conduction through different
materials of the same length and cross section will
vary with the particular ability of the various
materials to conduct heat.
• The relative capacity of the material to conduct
heat is known as its conductivity, k.
• In general, solids are better conductors of heat
than liquids, and liquids are better conductors of
heat than gases. This accounted for by the
difference in molecular structure.
• The time rate of energy transfer by conduction
is quantified macroscopically by Fourier’s Law
which states that the rate of heat transfer across a
plane normal to the x direction, qx, is proportional
to the wall area, A, and the temperature gradient
in the x direction, dT/dx:
qx = -kAdT/dx Negative sign denotes the
direction of the flow of heat
 Heat Convection
• Heat transfer by convection occurs when heat
moves from one place to another by means of
currents that are set up within some fluid medium.
These currents are known as convection currents
and result from the change in density that is
brought about by the expansion of the heated
portion of the fluid.
• When any portion of the fluid is heated, it
expands and its specific volume increases. Thus
the heated portion becomes lighter, rises to the
top, and is immediately replaced by cooler,
heavier portion of the fluid.
• The rate of energy transfer from the surface to
the air can be qualified by Newton’s law of
Cooling:
qc = hcA(Ts-Tf)
Where,
hc = heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
A = surface area, m2
Ts = surface temperature, °C
Tf = fluid temperature, °C
 Thermal Radiation
• Heat transfer by radiation occurs in the form of
heat wave motion similar to light waves wherein
the energy transfer is transmitted from one body
to another without the need for intervening
matter. Heat energy transmitted by heat wave
motion is called radiant heat.
• Radiation can pass through certain types of
substance (transparent and semitransparent
materials) as well as through vacuum.
• The amount of radiant energy that will pass
through a material depends on the degree of
transparency
• When radiant energy is transferred from hot body to
cold body through some intervening medium such as air,
the temperature of the intervening medium is unaffected
by the passage of the radiant energy. This is because the
molecules of the air are relatively few and are widely
separated that the waves of radiant energy can easily pass
between them so that a very small part of the radiant
energy is intercepted and absorbed by the molecules of
air.

• The amount of radiant energy that is reflected or

absorbed by the material depends on the nature of the
material’s surface, i.e., its texture and its color. Materials
with light-colored, highly polished surface such as a
mirror, reflex a maximum amount of radiant energy.
Materials with rough, dull, dark surfaces will absorb the
maximum of the radiant heat.
• A black body, a hypothetical body, is capable of
absorbing all radiation at the maximum rate for a given
temperature.
• Absorptivity of the surface is the ratio of rate at which a
given surface absorbs radiation to the rate of radiation of a
black body at the same temperature.
• The rate at which energy is emitted, qr, from a surface of
area A is qualified macrospically by a modification from
the Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
qr = εσAT4
Where,
ε = emissivity, a property of the surface that indicates
how effective the surface radiates
4
σ = Steffan-Boltzmann constant = 5.669x10-8 W/m2-K
T = absolute temperature of the surface, K
Review Problems
1. Two cubic meters per hour of water are cooled from
30°C to 4°C. What is the rate of heat transfer in
kilowatts?
a)0.06 b)14.4 c) 60.5 d)144.4 e)217,880

Solition:
q = ṁCp(ΔT) = (v/ᵧCp(ΔT) = vρCp(ΔT)

ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Cp = 4.19 kJ/kg-K

q = 2(1000)(4.19)(26)/3600
q = 60.5 kW
2. A value 0f 9.37 W/m2-K for hi and ho is frequently used for still
air. If the outer air is exposed to about 24 km/h wind, ho
a) Will still be 9.37 W/m2-K
b) Is increased
c) Is decreased
d) Can neither increase nor decrease
e) Cannot be determined

Wind velocity
3. The thermal conductance, C, for a 1 inch thick plywood
`( k=0.115 W/m-K) is
a) 0.115 W/m2-K
b) 0.222 W/m2-K
c) 0.453 W/m2-K
d) 4.5 W/m2-K
e) 8.7 W/m2-K

Solution:

C = k/x

C = 0.115/[1(2.54/100)]
C = 4.528 W/m2-K
4. What is the heat rate input to a water heater if 0.4 kg/s of
water enters 82°C and leaves at 93°C? The water has
approximate specific heat of 4.19 kJ/kg-K

a) 1.7 kW b) 4.4 kW c) 18.4 kW

d) 46.1 kW e) 389.8 kW

Soluti 82°C

on:
q = mC (T – T )
w p e i

qw = 0.4(4.19) (93– 82) 93°C

e
s w
qw = 18.436 kW n qw
A
r!
5. The flow rate of 0.06 kg/s of water enters a boiler at 90°C, at
which temperature the enthalpy is 379.9 kJ/kg. The water
leaves as a steam at 100°C (2676 kJ/kg). What is the rate of
heat transfer added to this boiler?

a) 22.6 kW b) 137.8kW c) 1379.5kW

d) 2299.1 kW e) 2653.4 kW

Soluti 100°C
he=2676 kJ/kg)

on:
q= ṁ(h –h ) = 0.06(2676-379.9)
e i

w e
s
An
q= 137.766 kW
q
r! 90°C
hi=379.9 kJ/kg
6. Water is pumped from a chiller in the basement, where z1=0m,
to a cooling coil located on the top floor of a building, where z2 =
80m. What is the minimum pressure rise the pump must be
capable of providing if the temperature of the water is 4°C? The
density of water is 1000kg/m3.
a) 0.78 kPa b) 9.81 kPa c) 80 kPa
d) 785 kPa e)2576 kPa
Cooling
Solution: coil

w= (1/ρ)(ΔP) = g(Δz)
80 m
ΔP = ρg(Δz) = 1000(9.81)(80)/1000

ΔP =784.8 kPa
Chiller
7. Air flowing at the rate of 2.5 kg/s is heated in a heat exchanger
from -10°C to 30°C. What is the rate of heat transfer?

a) 50 kW b) 100kW c) 50 kJ
d) 100kJ e) 2.5 kg

Ti= -10°C Heat

Solution: Exchanger Te= 30°C

qw = mCp (Te – Ti) qw

qw = 2.5(1.0035)[ (30– (- 10)]

qw = 100 kW
8. An air-conditioned room is maintained at 24°C while out air
temperature is 32°C. What is the temperature difference in
degrees Fahrenheit?

a) 4.4 b) 8.0 c) 14.4

d) 32.0 e) 46.4

Solution:
ΔT = [(32)(9/5) + 32] °F – [(24)(9/5) + 32] °F

ΔT = 14.4 °F
 9. The first law of thermodynamics is also called
a) Conservation of energy
b) Conservation of entropy
c) Conservation of heat
d) Conservation of mass
e) Conservation of material

10. Select the material with lowest thermal conductivity

a) Air 0.0132 to 0.0362
b) Copper 226
c) Glass wool 0.022 to 0.0362
d) Silver 240
e) water 0.327 to 0.394
11. Select the material with highest thermal conductivity
a) Air
b) Copper
c) Glass wool
d) Silver
e) water

12 & 13. The masonry wall of a building consist of an

outer layer of facing brick (k=1.32 W/m-K) 10 cm thick,
followed by a 15 cm thick of common brick (k=0.69 W/m-
K), followed by a 1.25-cm layer of gypsum plaster (k= 0.48
W/m-K). An outside coefficient of 30 w/m2-K may be
expected, and a coefficient of 8 W/m2-K is a reasonable
value to use for the inner surface of ventilated room.
12. What will be the rate of 10 15 1.25
heat gain, per unit area, when
the outside air is 35°C and the
inside air is conditioned to To Ts
22°C?
a) 27.2 W/m2 q/A k1 q/A
k2
b) 72.7 W/m2 hi
c) 17.2 W/m2 ho
Ti
d) 7.22 W/m2 k3
Dimensions in cm
Solution:

q/A= (To - Ti)/(1/ho + x1/k1+ x2/k2+ x3/k3+ 1/hi)

q/A= (35 - 22)/(1/30 + 0.1/1.32+ 0.15/0.69+ 0.0125/0.48+ 1/8)

q/A= 27.2 W/m2

13. What will be the temperature of the exposed surface of the
plaster?
a) 25.4°C b) 24.5°C c) 52.4°C
d) 15.4°C e) 67.7°F

q/A= hi(Ts – Ti)

q/A= 8(Ts – 22)

Ts = (27.2/8) + 22

Ts = 25.4°C
 14. In thermal radiation, which of the following black body
property is equal to unity?
a) Absorptrivity b) Conductivity c) Reflectivity
d) Resistivity e) Transmissivity

15. Two infinite black plates at 800°C and 300°C exchange heat by
radiation. The heat transfer rate per unit area (kW/m2) is
a) 2.85 x 10-5 b) 12.1 c) 60
d) 69 c) 121
4 4
qnet/A= σFeFA(T2 - T1 ) ;Fe= 1/(1/є1+ 1/ є1 - 1) ;FA= 1

є 1 = є1 = 1

4 4
qnet/A= 5.669x10-8(1)(1)[(800+273.15) - (300+273.15) ]

qnet/A= 69.07 kW/m2

16. During a heating process, the temperature of an object rises
10°C. This temperature rise is equivalent to a temperature rise
of
a) 10°F b) 50°F c) 42°C
d) 18 K e) 283 K
ΔT = 10(9/5) + 32 = 50°F

17. The specific heat of a material is given in a strange unit to be

3.60 kJ/kg-°F. The specific heat of this material in SI units of
kJ/kg-°C is
a) 2.00 b) 3.20 c) 3.60
d) 4.80 e) 6.48
(3.6 kJ/kg-°R)x(°R/(9/5K) = 2 kJ/kg-K = 2 kJ/kg- °C
18. A 2- kW electric resistance heater in a laboratory dryer turned
on and kept on for 30 minutes. The amount of energy
transferred to the dryer by the heater is
a) 1 kJ b) 60kJ c) 1,800 kJ
d) 3,600 kJ e) 7,200 kJ
q = 2(30)(60) = 3600 kJ

20. A 6-pack canned drink is to be cooled from 25°C to 3°C. The

mass of each canned drink is 0.355 kg. The drinks can be
treated as water, and the energy stored in the aluminium can
itself is negligible. For liquid water, Cp = Cv = 4.19 kJ/kg. The
amount of heat from the 6 canned drinks is
a) 33 kJ b) 37 kJ c) 47 kJ
d) 196 kJ e) 223 kJ

q = mCpΔT = 0.355 (6)(4.19)(22) = 196.343 kJ

19. A well-sealed room contains 80 kg of air at 200 kPa and 25°C.
Now solar energy enters the room at an average rate of 1 kJ/s
while 100-W fan is turned on to circulate the air in the room.
If the heat transfer through the walls is negligible, what will
be the air temperature in the room in 30 minutes. For air, Cpo =
1.0035 kJ/kg-K, Cvo = 0.7165 kJ/kg-K.
a) 28.3 °C b) 49.8°C c) 52.5°C
d) 56.0°C e) 59.5°C

q(time)= ṁ(u2- u1)+ ẇ(time) = ṁCv(T2- T1)+ ẇ(time)

q = 1 kJ/s = 1 kW; ẇ = - 100W =- 0.1 kW

T2- T1 = [q(time)- ẇ(time)]/ ṁCv= (q- ẇ)(time)]/ṁCv

T2= T1 + (1+ 0.1)(30)(60)/[(80)(0.71650] = 25 + 34.5429

T2= 59.5429 °C
21. An ordinary egg with a mass of 0.1 kg and specific heat of 3.32
kJ/kg-°C is dropped into boiling water at 95°C. If the initial
temperature of the egg is 5°C, the maximum amount of heat
transfer to the egg is
a) 12 kJ b) 30 kJ c) 24 kJ
d) 18 kJ e) infinity
q = mCv(T2- T1) = 0.1(3.32)(95-5) = 29.88
22. Thermal conductivity is a thermo-physical property and units of
this property are W/m-K in the SI system of units, kCal/hr-°C in
the metric system and Btu/hr-ft-°F in the British thermal units. If
the thermal conductivity has directional variation, the medium
(such as wood) is said to be
a) Anistropic b) Heterogeneous c) Homogeneous
d) Isotropic e) Pure

Anistropic – different properties in any direction like wood

23. The thermal conductivity of a substance is a thermo-physical
property of that substance. It depends on the material’s chemical
composition, physical structure, and state of it. Which one of the
following has the largest thermal conductivity:
a) Conductor b) Gases c) Insulators
b) Liquid e) Porous materials
24. Heat is transferred steadily through a 0.2-m thick, 9m x 4m wall,
at a rate of 1.8 kW. The inner and outer surface temperatures of
the wall are measured to be 15°C to 5°C. The average thermal
conductivity of the wall is
a) 0.001 W/m-°C b) 0.5 W/m-°C c) 1.0 W/m-°C
d) 2.0 W/m°C e) 5.0 W/m-°C

q = kAΔT/Δx = 1.8 = k(36)(10)/0.2

k = 1.8(0.2)/(36)(10) = 0.001 W/m-°C

25. Consider a 10-cm wall made
of polyurethane board (k =
0.0260W/m-°C) which is 15 cm
exposed to still air (h = 9.37
W/m2-°C) on the inside and
the outer surface exposed to q/A
24 km/h wind ( h = 34 q/A
W/m2-°C). Determine the k
over-all coefficient of heat ho
hi
transfer (W/m2-°C).
a) 0.25 b) 1.92 c) 3.98
d) 5.73 e) 13.24

U = 1/(1/hi + x/k + 1/ho) = 1/(1/9.37 + 0.1/0.0260 + 1/34)

U = 0.25 W/m2-°C
26. The heat transfer coefficient is a complicated function of the
flow conditions, transport and thermo-physical properties
(viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, density) of the
fluid, and geometry and dimensions of the surface. Which one
has the lowest heat transfer coefficient:
a) Forced convection, water
b) Forced convection, boiling water
c) Free convection, water
d) Free convection, boiling water
e) Free convection, condensing water vapour

27. Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at

250°C. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2-°C.
The heat transfer is
a) 2.2 kW b) 22.0 kW c) 220 kW
d) 2.2 MW e) 22 MW

q = Ah(Ts-TA) = 0.5(0.75)(25)(250-20) = 2156.2 W ≈ 2.2 kW

28. A 12-cm high and 18-cm wide circuit board houses on its surface
100 closely spaced chips, each generating heat at a rate of 0.07
W and transferring it by convection to the surrounding air at
40°C. Heat transfer from the back surface of the board is
neglible. If the convection heat transfer coefficient on the
surface of the board is 10 W/m2-°C and radiation heat transfer is
negligible, the average surface temperature of the chips is
a) 7.6°C b) 40.7°C c) 47°C
d) 68.2°C e) 72.4°C

Ts q = Ahc(Ts – TA)= 100(0.07) = 7W

Ts = 40+ 7/(0.12x0.18 x 10) = 72.4074 °C

29. A 3-m2 hot black surface at 80°C is losing heat to the surrounding
air at 25°C by convection with a convection heat coefficient of 12
W/m2-°C and by radiation to the surrounding surfaces at 15°C.
The total rate of heat loss from the surface is
a) 1,987 W b) 2,239 W c) 2,348 W
d) 3,451 W e) 3,811 W
Convective & Radiative Heat to the
Surrounding Air @ 25°C and
Soluti Surrounding Surface @ 15°C

on:
3-m2 hot black surface at 80°C

qtotal = qc + qr = Ah(Ts-Ta) + σFeFAA[(Ts)4 – (Tss)4]

-8 4
qtotal = 3{12(80-25) + 5.669(1o) (1)(1)[(80+273.15) –
4
(15+273.15) ]}
qtotal = 3452.77 W An s w
30. When radiation impinges on a surface, the fraction reflected is
called reflectivity ρ, the fraction absorbed as absorptivity α,
and fraction transmitted as transmissivity τ. For an opaque
material

a) τ = 1 b) α = 1 c) ρ = 1

d) ρ + α = 1 e) ρ + α + τ = 1

te d
To e c
ta efl
l ra n r
di
at c tio
io
n Fra ρ

Fr
ab acti α
so on
rb
ed
31. The total emission of radiation per unit surface area per unit
time from a black body is related to the fourth power of the
absolute temperature according to the Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
of Radiation. In the British system units, the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant has a value of 0.1714x10-8 Btu/hr-ft2-°R4. In the SI
system of units, it has a value of

a) 9.3x10-8 W/hr-m2-K4 b) 5.7x10-8 W/hr-m2-K4

c) 5.7x10-8 W/hr-m2-K d) 6.5x10-8 W/hr-m2-K

e) 6.5x10-8 W/hr-m2-K4
32. Two infinite black planes at 800°C and 300°C exchange heat by
radiation. The heat transfer rate per unit area (kW/m2) is
a) 2.85 x 10-5 b) 12.1 c) 60
d) 69 c) 121

Solutio
n:
q /A= σF F (T
net e A 2
4 4
- T1 )
For black bodies, є 1= є2= 1
For infinnite parallel plateses,
FA = 1 and Fe= 1/(1/є 1 + 1/є2- 1)
4 4
qnet/A= 5.669x10-8(1)(1)[(800+273.15) - (300+273.15) ]
w e
qnet/A= 69.07 kW/m2 ns
A
33. The general heat conduction equation for heterogeneous
isotropic solid is
(kT) + q = ρc(T/t)
 
For homogeneous isotropic substance k is constant and the general
heat conduction equation reduces to

T + q/k = (1/α)(T/t)
 
which is also called the

a) Fourier equation b) Fourier-Biot equation

c) Heat diffusion equation d) Laplace equation
e) Poisson equation
34. Adding insulation to the outside of small pipes does
not always reduce heat transfer. Calculate the critical
thickness of asbestos insulation (k = 0.151 w/m-K)
added to a 2-inch outer diameter pipe with a surface
heat transfer coefficient of h = 5 W/m2-K.
a) 0.48 cm b) 2.0 cm c) 2.54 cm
d) 3.2 cm e) 5.08 cm

ro = k/h = critical radius = 0.151/5 = 0.0302 m = 3.02 cm

critical thickness = (3.02 – 2.54) cm = 0.48 cm

35. A Cr-Ni steel wire, 2.5 mm in diameter and 30 cm in length, has
voltage of 10 volts applied to it, while its surface is maintained
at 90°C. Assuming that the electrical resistance of the wire is
4.27 x 10-2 ohm and the thermal conductivity is 17.3 W/m-K,
calculate the internal heat generation in W/m3.
a) 3.88 x 10-3 b)7.81 x 103 c)2.89 x 106
d) 3.78 x 107 e) 1.59 x 109
2 2
P = (qg)v = (qg)пr2L = I R = V /R
2 2 2 -2 9
qg = V /пr2LR = (10) /[п(0.0125) (0.3)(4.27x10 ) = 1.59x10

36. A fin which is highly efficient when used with a gas coolant will
usually be found hopelessly inefficient when used with water.
For a fin of given material and shape, as the convective heat
transfer coefficient is increased, the efficiency will
a) decrease b) increase c) remain the same
d)can increase or decrease e) cannot be defined
37-38) A wall of 25-cm thickness and 10 m2 surface area is to be
constructed from a material which has an average thermal
conductivity of 0.5 W/m-K. The average inner and outer fluid
temperatures are 20°C and -20°C, and the corresponding heat
transfer coefficients are 8 W/m2-K and 23 W/m2-K, respectively.
 
37. The rate of heat loss through the wall can be calculated to be
a) 12.1 W b) 59.8 W c) 598.4 W
d) 1, 316 W e) 13,160 W 25 cm
Tso
Ti
q=A(Ti - To)/(1/ho + x/k + 1/hi) q/A
q/A
q=10(40)/(1/23 + 0.25/0.5+ 1/8)
k
q= 598.374 W hi
ho
Tsi
38. The temperature of the inner surface of the wall can be found
to be
a) -17.4°C b) 3.6°C c) 12.5°C
d) 19.2°C e) 20.0°C

q=Ahi(Ti -Tsi)= 598.374 W

Tsi = Ti - 598.374/(10x8) = 20 - 7.47968 = 12.52°C

39. Heat conduction is the term applied to the transfer of heat

from one body to another or from one part of a body to
another part of the same body by exchange of kinetic energy
on a molecular scale without bulk motion of the body or
portion of the body. Heat conduction occurs in solids, liquids
and gases, but as a distinct mode of heat transfer, it is usually
of most importance in the case of heat transfer through
a) Gases b) Liquids c) Newtonian fluids
d) Non-Newtonian fluids e) Solids
40. Heat transfer involving change of phase from liquid to gas or
vice-versa, i.e., heat transfer when boiling or condensing occurs,
is classified as
a) Conductive heat transfer b)Convective heat transfer
c) Radiative heat transfer d) Sensible heat transfer
e) Latent heat transfer

41. The value of thermal conductivity for a given material depends to

some extent on the local temperature and, in some materials, on
the direction of heat flow although for most engineering
problems it is usually adequate to ignore this latter effect, i.e., to
assume the material involved is
a) Anistropic b) Heterogeneous
c) Homogeneous d) Isotropic
e) Pure
42. Among the terms commonly used to describe h are “convective
heat transfer coefficient”, “unit thermal convective
conductance”, “film coefficient” or simply “heat transfer
coefficient”. The units of h are
a) kcal/hr•°C or Btu/h•ft•°F b) W/m2•K or Btu/h•ft•°F
c) W/m2•K or Btu/h•ft2•°F d) W/m2•K or kcal/h•°C
e) W/m2•°C or Btu/h•ft•°F

43. Consider a combined heat transfer problem where there is heat

loss from a surface by both radiation and convection. If it is
assumed that the fluid is transparent to radiation, then
governing equation is
a) Qconvection = Qradiation
b) Qconvection = Qconduction
c) Qconduction = Qradiation
d) Qtotal =Qconvection + Qradiation
e) Qtotal = Qconvection = Qradiation
44. The wall of a furnace consists of a 9” thick layer of firebrick
(k=0.8 Btu/h•ft•°F) a ½” steel frame (k=25 Btu/h•ft•°F)
and an outer 2” thick layer of insulation (k = 0.05
Btu/h•ft•°F). The outer surface of the insulation is
exposed to air at 100°F and heat transfer coefficient is
estimated to be 1.0 Btu/h•ft2•°F. If the temperature of
the steel must not exceed about 500°F , what is the
maximum temperature that the inner surface of the
firebrick can be allowed to reach?

a) 500°F b) 527°F c) 587°F

d) 875°F e) 937°F
 xb xs xin
Solutio
T1
n:
T2 To
T3
q/A T4

kb ks kin
q/A

9” .5” 2”

q/A= (T1-To)/(xb/kb+ xs/ks+ xin/kin+ 1/ho) = (T1 – T2)kb/xb

(T1-100)/[(9/0.8+ 0.5/25+ 2/0.05)/12+ 1/1] = (T1 –500)(0.8)(12)/9

(T1-100)(0.189663) = (T1 –500)(1.0667)

T1 = (18.9663-533.35)/(-0.877037) = 586.502 °F
44. The wall of a furnace consists of a 9” thick layer of firebrick
(k=0.8 Btu/h•ft•°F) a ½” steel frame (k=25 Btu/h•ft•°F)
and an outer 2” thick layer of insulation (k = 0.05
Btu/h•ft•°F). The outer surface of the insulation is
exposed to air at 100°F and heat transfer coefficient is
estimated to be 1.0 Btu/h•ft2•°F. If the temperature of
the steel must not exceed about 500°F , what is the
maximum temperature that the inner surface of the
firebrick can be allowed to reach?

a) 500°F b) 527°F c) 587°F

d) 875°F e) 937°F
45. Water at a mean temperature of 150°F flows through a steel
pipe having an inside diameter of 1” and outer diameter
of 1.25”. The outer surface of the pipe is exposed to air at
75°F. The heat transfer coefficients on the water and air
sides are 100 Btu/h•ft2•°F and 1.0 Btu/h•ft2•°F, respectively.
Find the heat transfer per foot length of the pipe.

a) 4.1 Btu/h•ft

b) 25.9 Btu/h•ft

c) 48.6 Btu/h•ft

d) 49.2 Btu/h•ft

e) 310.8 Btu/h•ft
 q/L
Solutio
n: Ti Te
Do
Di
Water
out

Do = 1.25” and Di = 1.0” Air @ To = 75°F

Uo= 1/{Do/(Dihi) + Do[ln(Do/Di)]/2k+ 1/ho}

Uo= 1/{1.25/(1x100) + (1.25/12)[ln(1.25/1)]/(2x26.6)+ 1/1}
2
Uo= 0.987228 Btu/h•ft
q/L = 2 п roUo(Δtm) = 2п(1.25/12)(0.987228)(150-75) = 48.46

w e
q/L = 48.46 Btu/h•ft
n s
45. Water at a mean temperature of 150°F flows through a steel
pipe having an inside diameter of 1” and outer diameter
of 1.25”. The outer surface of the pipe is exposed to air at
75°F. The heat transfer coefficients on the water and air
sides are 100 Btu/h•ft2•°F and 1.0 Btu/h•ft2•°F, respectively.
Find the heat transfer per foot length of the pipe.

a) 4.1 Btu/h•ft

b) 25.9 Btu/h•ft

c) 48.6 Btu/h•ft

d) 49.2 Btu/h•ft

e) 310.8 Btu/h•ft
46. Heat is being transferred across a flat wall with thermal
conductivity k =0.5 W/m•K and thickness L = 0.15 m. The
convection coefficient on the left side of the wall is hL=
5 W/m2•K. The convection coefficient on the right side
of the wall is hR = 25 W/m2•K. The overall heat transfer
coefficient U is 0.15m

a) 1.85 W/m2•K
b) 2.64 W/m2•K hR = 25 W/m2•K
c) 3.91 W/m2•K hL= 5 W/m2•K k
d) 4.17 W/m2•K
e) 6.34 W/m2•K

U = 1/(1/hL+ L/k+ 1/hR) = 1/(1/5 + 0.15/0.5 + 1/25)

U = 1.85185 W/m2•K
47. In a Newtonian flow,
a) Buoyancy force is negligible
b) Fluid friction is negligible
c) Kinetic energy is negligible
d) ρ is constant
e) μ is constant

48. When performing dimensional analysis, it is necessary to

determine the dimensions of all variables involved in a
problem. Using the same notation as in the class notes, the
dimension of specific power (W/kg) are
a) M-1L2t-1
p = W/kg = (F)(L)/TM = (M)(a)(L)/TM
b) M-1L3t-2
c) M-1L-2t-2 p = (M)(L/T2)(L)/TM = L2T-3
d) M-1L2t-3
e) L2t-3
49. In order to derive empirical equations for use in the prediction of convection
heat transfer rates, only four variables, i.e., Nu, Re, Gr and Pr need to be
corrected. If there is no forced flow or if it is negligibly small, then purely free
convection exists and
a) Nu = f(Re, Gr, Pr)
b) Nu = f(Re, Gr)
c) Nu = f(Re, Gr, Pr)
d) Nu = f(Gr, Pr)
e) Nu = f(Gr)

50. The flow in a boundary layer can either be laminar or turbulent. The
Reynold’s Number is the main the main criterion that determines when
transition from laminar to turbulent occurs although pressure gradients
and steadiness in the initial flow have some influence. For a flow over a flat
plate, the Reynold’s Number at transition is about
a) 0
b) 2,000
c) 4,000
d) 5x105 (Chapter 7.5, p.233, Heat Transfer by : James)
e) 5x107
51. For an incompressible pipe flow, the Reynolds Number at
transition is abour
a) Below 2,000
b) 2,000 to 4,000
c) 4,000 to 5 x105
d) 5x105 to 5 x107
e) Above 5x105
52. In a semi-transparent medium, the portion of the irradiation may be
reflected, absorbed and transmitted. However, in case where transmission is
negligible and the remaining absorption and reflection processes may treated
as surface phenomena, the medium is said to be
a) Absorber
b) Incandescent
c) Opaque
d) Reflector
e) Translucent
“The FIRST STEP in the
acquisition of wisdom is
SILENCE, the second
LISTENING, the third
MEMORY, the fourth
PRACTICE, the fifth
TEACHING others.”
Solomon Ibn Gabriol (1021-1058) quote