STRESS TRANSFORMATION

1 PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION
General state of stress at a point is characterized by six
independent normal and shear stress components; x , y , z , xy ,

yz , and zx

Plane stress Plane stress

General State of stress (a simplification) (two dimensional view)

General plane stress at a point is represented by x , y and xy ,

which act on four faces of the element
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
1 PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION
y
y If we rotate the element of the
point in different orientation,
xy we will have different values of
x the stresses
x

The stresses are now x’ , y’

y’ and x’y’
y’
x’y’ x’
It is said that the stress
x’ components can be
transformed from one
orientation of an element to the

element having a different
orientation
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
1 PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

45o

Failure of a brittle material Failure of a brittle material

in tension in torsion

Failure of a brittle material will occur when the maximum normal

stress in the material reaches a limiting value that is equal to the
ultimate normal stress

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2. GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

Sign Convention
y
y

xy

 x

4
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2 GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION
y
y’
y
x’


x

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2 GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

(a) (b)

The element in Fig.(a) is sectioned along the inclined plane and

the segment shown in Fig.(b) is isolated.
Assuming the sectioned area is A, then the horizontal and
vertical faces of the segment have an area of A sin and A
cos, respectively 6
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2 GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

Resulting free-body diagram

The unknown normal and
shear stress components in
the inclined plane, x’ and x’y’,
can be determined from the
equations of force equilibrium

 Fx’ = 0  Fy’ = 0

We get  x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2 GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

Three stress
components, x’ , y’
y’ x’y’
x’ and x’y’ , oriented along
the x’, y’ axes

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2

 x  y  x  y
 y'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2
2 8
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 1

• The state of plane stress at a point is represented

on the element shown in Fig. 1. Determine the
state of stress at this point on another element
oriented 30° clockwise from the position shown.
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
SOLUTION:
• σx = -80MPa σy = 50MPa 𝜏xy =
-25MPa

Ans : σx’ = - 25.8 Mpa

Ans : 𝜏 ’ ’
x y = - 68.8 MPa

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESSES

To determine the maximum and minimum normal stress, we

must differentiate equation of x’ with respect to  and set the
result equal to zero. This gives

d x'  x  y
  (2sin 2 )  2 xy cos 2  0
d 2

Solving this equation, we obtain the orientation  = p of the

planes of maximum and minimum normal stress

 xy
tan 2 p 
 x   y  2

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESSES

The solution has two roots;

p1 and p2

2p2 = 2p1 + 180o

Based on the equation of

tan2p above, we can
construct two shaded
triangles as shown in the
 xy figure
tan 2 p 
 x   y  2

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESSES

2
 x  y  2 sin 2p2 = – sin 2p1
sin 2 p1   xy     xy
 2 

2
cos 2p2 = – cos 2p1
 x  y   x  y  2
cos 2 p1   



   xy

 2   2 

The equation of the maximum/minimum normal stresses can

be found by substituting the above equations into x’ 13
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3 IN-PLANE STRESSES

In-plane principal stresses

Principal stresses = Maximum and minimum normal stress

2
 x  y  x  y  2
 1 ,2       xy
2  2 
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESSES

2
 x  y  x  y  2
 1 ,2       xy
2  2 

Depending upon the sign chosen, this result gives the

maximum or minimum in-plane normal stress acting at a point,
where 1  2.

This particular set of values, 1 and 2, are called the in-plane
principal stresses, and the corresponding planes on which they
are act are called the principal planes of stress

Furthermore, if the trigonometric relations for p1 and p2 are

substituted into equation of x’y’, it can be seen that  x’y’ = 0;
that is, no shear stress acts on the principal planes
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3 MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

Similarly, to get the maximum shear stress, we must

differentiate equation of x’y’ with respect to  and set the result
equal to zero. This gives

tan 2 s 

  x  y 2 
 xy

The solution has two roots; s1 and s2


16
o
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3 MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

The maximum shear stress can be found by taking the

trigonometric values of sin 2s and cos 2s from the figure and
substituting them into equation of x’y’ . The result is

2
max  x  y  2
 in  plane      xy
 2 

Substituting the values for sin 2s and cos 2s into equation of x’,
we see that there is also a normal stress on the planes of
maximum in-plane shear stress. We get

 x  y
 avg 
2
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2

The state of stress at a point just before failure of this shaft is

shown in Figure.
i)Represent this state of stress in terms of its principal
stresses.
ii)Represent this state of stress in terms of its maximum in-
plane shear stress and associated average normal stress. 18
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
SOLUTION
Principal stress;
i) Find orientation of element (ans: -23.7o)

ii) Find Principal stress (ans: 116 Mpa, - 46.4 MPa)

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
SOLUTION
Maximum in-plane shear stress and associated average normal
stress.
i) Find orientation of element
ii) Find Max in plane shear stress
iii) Find average stress

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4 MOHR’S CIRCLE  PLANE STRESS
We rewrite the stress component x’ and x’y’ as follows

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
Squaring each equation and adding the equation
together can eliminate the parameter . The result is

2 2
   x   y  2 2  x  y  2
 
 x'  
   x' y'  R R      xy

  2    2 

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4 MOHR’S CIRCLE  PLANE STRESS

2
   x   y 
 x'      2  R 2
2  x' y'
  

Since x , y and xy are known constants, the above equation

can be written in a more compact form as

 x'   avg  2   x2' y'  R 2

 x  y
 avg 
2
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4 MOHR’S CIRCLE  PLANE STRESS

 x'   avg  2   x2' y'  R 2

 x  y
xy
 avg 
2 2
 x  y 
x R     xy
2

 2 


This equation represents a circle having a radius R and

center on  axis at point C(avg, 0) as shown in the Figure

This circle is called MOHR’S CIRCLE

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4 MOHR’S CIRCLE  PLANE STRESS
y Procedure how to draw and use Mohr’s circle
y A stress state of a point which all stresses x , y and xy are
positive (just for example)
xy
x x CONSTRUCTION OF MOHR’S CIRCLE
• Establish a coordinate system;
 axis
• Plot the center of the Mohr’s circle
 C(avg, 0) on σ axis, avg = (x + y)/2
avg
• Plot the reference point A(x, xy).

This represents  = 0
 • Connect point A with the center C, and
C
xy CA becomes the radius of the circle
A
x • Sketch the circle
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4 MOHR’S CIRCLE  PLANE STRESS
ANALYSIS OF MOHR’S CIRCLE

Principal Stresses 1 and 2

• Point B: 1

1
• Point D: 2 avg
E
Orientation of principal plane, p1
max
s1
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress: D B 
max = CE = CF C
2 p1 xy
max
Orientation of maximum in-plane
shear stress, s1 F A
x

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
5 STRESS IN SHAFT DUE TO COMBINED LOADINGS
 Occasionally, circular shafts are subjected to the combined
effects of torsion and axial load, or torsion and bending, or in
fact the combined effects of torsion, axial load, and bending
load.
 Provided the material remains linear elastic, and is only
subjected to small deformation, and then we can use the principle
of superposition to obtain the resultant stress in the shaft due to
the combined loadings.

 The principal stress can then be determined using either the

stress transformation equations or Mohr’s circle

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 1
Stress in Shafts Due to Axial
Load and Torsion

An axial force of 900 N and a torque

of 2.50 N.m are applied to the shaft
as shown in the Fig.(a). If the shaft
has a diameter of 40 mm, determine
the principal stresses at a point P on
its surface.

Internal Loadings (a) (b)

The internal loadings consist of the
torque and the axial load is shown
in Fig.(b)

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 1
Stress Components

 Due to axial load

F 900
   2  716.2 kPa
A 2(0.02)

(a) (b)
 Due to torsional load

T c ( 2.50)(0.02)
   kPa
198.9
J  (0.02) 4
2

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 1
The state of stress at point P is defined
by these two stress components
Principal
Stresses:
2
y   y  2
 1 ,2       xy
2  2 

We get 1 = 767.8 kPa

2 = – 51.6 kPa
The orientation of the principal
plane:
1 
  xy   o
2 p  tan 

   
= – 29
y 2 
p = -14.5O
29
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2

Stress in Shaft due to Bending Load and Torsion

A shaft has a diameter of 4 cm. The

T cutting section shows in the figure is
subjected to a bending moment of 2
kNm and a torque of 2.5 kNm.

y
x
Determine:
z
1. The critical point of the section
2. The stress state of the critical point.
3. The principal stresses and its
orientation

30
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2
Analysis to identify the critical point

 Due to the torque T

T
Maximum shear stresses occur at the
peripheral of the section.

y  Due to the bending moment M

A
x
Maximum tensile stress occurs at the
z bottom point (A) of the section.

Conclusion: the bottom point (A) is the critical point

31
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2

Stress components at point A

T  Due to the torque T

T c ( 2.50)(0.02)
   kPa
198.9
J  (0.02) 4
y 2
A
x
 Due to the bending moment M
z
M c (2.00)(0.02)
     kPa
4 318.3
198.9 kPa Iz 4 (0.02)

318.3 kPa
Stress state at critical point A

x = 318.3 kPa xy = 198.9 kPa

32
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2

Principal stresses
198.9 kPa
2
x 
 x  2
 1,2     xy
318.3 kPa 2  2 

We get 1 = 413.9 kPa

2 = – 95.6 kPa
2 The orientation of the principal plane:
1
  xy 
1
2 p  tan 
25.65o
= 51.33o
  x  2 
p = 25.65O

33
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 3
Stress in Shafts Due to Axial Load, Bending Load and
Torsion

A shaft has a diameter of 4 cm. The cutting section shows in the

figure is subjected to a compressive force of 2500 N, a bending
moment of 800 Nm and a torque of 1500 Nm.
Determine: 1. The stress state of point A.
2. The principal stresses and its orientation 34
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 3
Analysis of the stress components at point A
F
 Due to comprsv load:  A'  
A
Tc
 Due to torsional load:  A 
J
Mc
 Due to bending load:  A''  
Iz
(compressive stress)

 Stress state at point A

 Shear stress:  = A
Normal stress:  = A’ + A”

SOLVE THIS PROBLEM !!!

35